THERMAL WATERS OF ASIA MINOR. 99 



sides of the hill, it forms a succession of terraces at regular 

 distances, that require but little effort of the imagination to 

 liken to an amphitheater with its marble seats. At other 

 places it flows over the precipitous sides sixty or seventy feet 

 high, and one or two hundred feet wide, incrusting the preci- 

 pice with a snow-white sheet, which might be likened to a 

 consolidated cataract; and what adds to the delusion, at the 

 base the incrustations have accumulated an irregular mass not 

 unlike foam. This petrified stream extends several hundred 

 feet into the plain. It has formed walls and dikes, and incrusts 

 the grass and vegetation that it flows over, and many of the 

 tufts of grass, in perfect verdure, are thickly incrusted near 

 the roots with this white carbonate of lime. 



The channels that conduct the water through the city are 

 made by deposits from these waters ; many of them are very 

 deep and almost arched over. The incrustations in and about 

 the city have elevated the level of it some fifteen or twenty 

 feet since its destruction. Strabo tells ns that in his day the 

 people of this city conducted these waters into their gardens 

 or other places where they desired to form a wall, and in a 

 short time they obtained fences of a single stone, so rapid was 

 the deposition. The road which leads from the plain to the 

 city is a causeway which is formed entirely from the water. 



Physical Properties. — The water is of remarkable transpa- 

 rency, and remains so after being kept for any length of time. 

 Having lost my thermometer the day before arriving at this 

 source, I was unable to ascertain its exact temperature. I 

 judged it to be about 130° Fah. Specific gravity 1.00143. 



Chemical Properties. — Solid contents in one litre 1.934 

 gramme. One litre contains in grammes: 



Carbonic acid, free 352 Potash trace 



Carbonic acid, fixed 462 Lime 589 



Sulphuric acid 541 Magnesia 164 



Chlorine 012 Silica 008 



Soda 182 Phosphoric acid 005 



The combination of acids and bases may be represented in 

 the following manner : 



Bicarbonate of soda 078 Sulphate of lime 119 



Bicarbonate of lime 1.368 Sulphate of magnesia 431 



Bicarbonate of magnesia 011 Phosphate of lime 012 



Chloride of calcium 020 Silica 008 



Sulphate of soda 341 



