GLACIAL PERIOD AND GRAVELS. 1 85 



are cut through by modern valleys which are ex- 

 ited in the underlying deposits. 

 In many parts of the east of England a series 

 of gravel beds occurs beneath the Boulder Clay, 

 and in these pie-glacial gravels, chipped Bint im- 

 plements of the Palaeolithic type are said to be 

 found. 



In the east of England the Boulder Clay which 

 caps hills is itself capped by coarse hill gravel 

 which has the aspect of being boulder clay from 

 which the clay has been washed out. The gravels 



end to lower and lower levels till they OCCUpy 



the broad* shall ighs through which exist- 



rivers flow, from which we may infer that ele- 



of the land has gradually contracted the 

 width of existing rivers, Chipped flint imple- 

 ments are found in both the high and low level 



. with remains of mammals, which are 



mostly African in their affinities, and mostly ex- 

 tinct They include of Hippopotamus, 

 Rhit l n, Bear. Deer, H -.and 



( >\ :n. 



of sever< found in the 



k fragments, and of periodic floods 



due to melting of the snows. The leaves of the 



dwarf birch and dwarf willow are p 1 in 



ams, with the land and river shells which 



now exist. 



A.S hunter or as husbandman the rude fore- 

 fathers of the British people left in roek shelters 

 and caves simple works of art which show that 

 people had gained a primitive civilization who 

 lived when the post-glacial gravels were formed, 

 and the influence of glacial conditions was still 

 felt. 



The dominance of man over animal and plant 



