INTRODUCTION. vii 



Banks and R. Lightbody of Ludlow, whose collections are 

 now preserved in the Ludlow Museum, the British Museum, 

 and the Museum of the Owens College, Manchester. The 

 well-known Lower Old Red Sandstone Passage Beds of 

 Ledbury, Herefordshire, have proved equally rich in 

 Cephalaspidian fishes, large excavations having been made 

 in these rocks at the Ledbury railway station. The late 

 Dr. Grindrod, of Malvern, accumulated an extensive col- 

 lection of specimens, principally discovered by the late 

 Henry Brookes, of Ledbury, during the making of the 

 railway, and the collection now occupies a case in the New 

 University Museum, Oxford, having been purchased by 

 the University in 1882. The most systematic examination 

 of the beds, however, has been made by Mr. George H. 

 Piper, F.G.S., of Ledbury, who has determined the precise 

 stratigraphical position of the various species, and con- 

 siderably extended the known range of some forms, besides 

 making an unique collection of specimens. Through the 

 generosity of Mr. Piper the finest of these fossils are now 

 placed in the British Museum, and others, from the same 

 donor, are also exhibited in the Hereford Museum. 



The Lower Old Red Cornstones of Herefordshire, 

 Worcestershire, and Monmouthshire, have long been noted 

 for their Cephalaspidian and Pteraspidian fossils, and 

 numerous specimens may be seen in the Museums of 

 Hereford, Ludlow, Worcester, and Oxford, the British 

 Museum, and the Museum of Practical Geology. They 

 seem to have been first collected by the late Rev. T. T. 

 Lewis, of Aymestry, and Dr. Lloyd, of Ludlow, who, 

 through Sir R. I. Murchison, submitted to Agassiz the 

 specimens first described by that ichthyologist. Mr. J. B. 

 Gill, formerly occupied in quarrying near Cradley, five 

 miles from Malvern, carefully preserved a large number of 

 valuable specimens, and disposed of them to various col- 

 lectors, through whom they have finally reached the public 

 museums. The late Rev. W. S. Symonds, F.G.S., of 



