X vi CONTENTS. 



PAGB 



Remarks, 522; 1. Eocene Basin of Paris, 523; 2. Siwalik Hills, India — Mio- 

 cene, 524 ; American Localities : 3. Marine Eocene of Alabama, 528 ; Puerco 

 Beds, Lowest Eocene, 529 ; 4. Green River Basin — Wahsatch Beds, Lower Eo- 

 cene, 530 ; 5. Green River Basin — Bridger Beds — Middle Eocene, 532 ; 6. Mau- 

 vaises Terres of Nebraska — White River Basin — Miocene, 535 ; Extreme Differ- 

 entiation of Early Tertiary of America ; 7. Mauvaises Terres — Niobrara Basin 

 — Pliocene, Similarity of the Pliocene Fauna to that of Europe, 537 ; Some Gen- 

 eral Observations on the Tertiary Mammalian Fauna, 537 ; Size of Brain, 538 ; 

 Genesis of Existing Orders — Families, Genera, 539 ; Genesis of the Horse, 540. 

 General Observations on the Tertiary Period, 543 ; Changes during and closing 

 the Period, 544. 

 Section 2. Quaternary Period, 545 ; General Characteristics, 545 ; Subdivisions, 

 545 ; Special Characteristics of these, 545. Quaternary Period in Eastern 

 North America. I. Glacial Epoch. The Materials — Drift, 546 ; The Bowlders, 

 548 ; Surface-Rock underlying Drift, 549 ; Extent, 550 ; Marine Deposits, 550. 

 TJieory of the Origin of the Drift, 551 ; Statement of the Most Probable View, 

 551 ; Objections answered, 551 ; Probable Condition during Glacial Times in 

 America, 552 ; Evidence of Elevation, 552 ; Boundary of the Ice-Sheet, 553 ; 

 Second Moraine, 553. II. Champlain Epoch, 555 ; Evidences of Subsidence, 

 555 ; Sea-Margins, 555 ; Flooded Lakes, 556 ; Lake Agassiz, 556 ; Origin of the 

 Loess, 559. III. Terrace Epoch, 560 ; Evidences— Sea, 560 ; Lakes, 560 ; Hist- 

 ory of the Great Lakes, 560; Rivers, 561 ; History of the Mississippi River, 561. 

 Quaternary Period on the Western Side of the Continent, 562 ; Sea-Submarine 

 Channels, 562 ; Glaciers, 563 ; Flooded Lakes, 566 ; River-Beds, 567. The Qua- 

 ternary in Europe, 569. 1. Epoch of Elevation — First Glacial Epoch, 570. 2. 

 Epoch of Submergence — Champlain, 572. 3. Epoch of Re-elevation — Second 

 Glacial Epoch — Terrace Epoch, 573. Southern Hemisphere, 573. Some General 

 Results of Glacial Erosion. 1. Fiords, 573 ; 2. Glacial Lakes, 574 ; Different 

 Kinds, 575. Life of the Quaternary Period, 575 ; Plants and Invertebrates, 575 ; 

 Mammals, 575 : 1. Bone-Caverns, 577 ; Origin of Cave Bone-Rubbish, 578 ; Origin 

 of Boae-Caverns, 578 ; 2. Beaches and Terraces, 579 ; 3. Marshes and Bogs, 580 ; 

 4. Frozen Soils and Ice Cliffs, 580 ; Quaternary Mammalian Fauna of England, 

 581; Mammalian Fauna in North America, 581; Bone-Caves, 582; Marshes 

 and Bogs, 582; River-Gravels, 584; Quaternary in South America, 584; Aus- 

 tralia, 588 ; Geographical Fauna of Quaternary Times, 588. Some General Ob- 

 servations on the Whole Quaternary, 589 ; Cause of the Climate, 589 ; Effect of 

 Crust-Movements, 589 ; Croll's Theory, 590 ; Wallace's Views, 592 ; Time in- 

 volved in the Quaternary Period, 593 ; The Quaternary a Period of Revolution, 

 — a Transition between the Cenozoic and the Modern Eras, 594 ; Migration of 

 Species, 595 ; General Process of Evolution, 597 ; Application to Australia, 598 ; 

 Africa, 598 ; Madagascar, 599 ; British Islands, 599 ; Coast Islands of California, 

 599; Drift in Relation to Gold, 600; Asre of the River-Gravels, 602. 



CHAPTER VI. 



Psychozoic Era.— Age op Man. — Recent Epoch .... 603-619 

 Characteristics, 603; Distinctness of this Era, 603 ; The Change still in Progress 



— Examples of Recently Extinct Species, 605. 

 I. Antiquity op Man, 607. Primeval Man in Europe, 608 ; Supposed Tertiary 

 Man — Evidence unreliable, 608 ; Quaternary Man — Mammoth Age, 609 : (a) In 

 River-Gravels, 609 ; (b) Bone-Caves— Engis Skull, 609; Neanderthal Man, 610; 



