MAMMALIAN FAUNA IN NORTH AMERICA. 



583 



the place where the stomach had been, a large quantity of similar mate- 

 rial was found. In 1866 a very perfect skeleton was found in a bog at 

 Cohoes, New York. Many others have been found. 



The Mastodon Amerwanus (Fig, 949) is probably the largest land- 

 mammal known, unless we except the Dinotherium (Gaudry). It was 

 twelve to thirteen feet high, and, including the tusks, twenty-four to 

 twenty-five feet long. It differed 

 from the elephant chiefly in the char- 

 acter of its teeth. The difference is 

 seen in Figs. 950, 951, 952. The ele- 

 phant's tooth, given below (Fig. 951), 



Fig. 950.— Tooth of Mastodon Americanus. 



Fig. 951.— Perfect Tooth of an Elephas, 

 found in Stanislaus County, Califor- 

 nia, i natural size. 



is sixteen inches long, and the grinding surface eight inches by four 

 inches. 



The two genera of Proboscidians, Elephas and Mastodon, appeared 

 together, or, more probably, the mastodon a little the earlier, in the 

 Miocene epoch, they ranged together through the rest of the Tertiary, 

 the species, of course, 

 changing several 



times. At the end 

 of the Tertiary, the 

 mastodon became ex- 

 tinct on the Eastern 

 Continent, but con- 

 tinued through the 

 Quaternary, with its 

 companion, the ele- 

 phant, in America. 

 At the end of the 

 Quaternary, the mas- 

 todon became extinct 

 wholly, and the ele- 

 phant in America and 

 Europe, though it still 



continues in Asia and Africa. During the Quaternary, therefore, one 

 species of mastodon and two species of elephant roamed in herds over 



Fig. 952, 



-Molar Tooth of Mammoth (Elephas primigenius): a, 

 grinding surface; b, side view. 



