ANTIQUITY OF MAN. 607 



Now, in this gradual change of fauna, when did man first appear 

 upon the scene, and what was the character of primeval man ? This 

 introduces us to two very important but very difficult and obscure sub- 

 jects. 



I. — Antiquity of Man". 



On this interesting subject the three sciences — History, Archaeology, 

 and Geology — meet and co-operate ; and the recent rapid advance has 

 been the result of this union, and especially of the application of geo- 

 logical methods of research. 



Archaeologists have long ago divided the history of human civiliza- 

 tion into three epochs or ages, named, from the materials of which 

 weapons and tools are made, respectively the Stone age, the Bronze 

 age, and the Iron age. We are here concerned only with the Stone 

 age ; the others belong to history. 



Closer study has again divided the Stone age into two, viz., the 

 Palaeolithic (old Stone age) and the Neolithic (newer Stone age). 

 During the former, only chipped stone implements were used ; while 

 in the latter polished stone implements were also used. It is princi- 

 pally with the Palaeolithic that we are here concerned. 



Still closer study, in connection with geology, has again divided the 

 Palaeolithic into an earlier and a later. The earlier, being contempora- 

 neous with the mammoth, is called the Mammoth age ; and the latter, 

 for similar reasons, the Reindeer age. The mammoth, however, existed 

 also in this latter age. The former seems to correspond with the 

 Champlain or, perhaps, interglacial epoch in geology, for these are 

 often confounded, and the latter with the Terrace of America, or Sec- 

 ond Glacial epoch of Europe. The Neolithic commences the Psycho- 

 zoic era, or reign of man — the period when man had established his 

 supremacy. The following table expresses these views : 



2. Bronze age j- Psychozoic era. 



Neolithic — Domestic animals. ) 



3. Iron age 

 2. Bronze a 



1. Stone age. -| pajggoij+w \ Reindeer age = Terrace or perhaps Second Glacial epoch. 

 ' ( Mammoth age = Champlain epoch or perhaps interglacial. 



These divisions and their relations to geological epochs have been 

 established in Europe. They would probably apply also to some parts 

 of Asia and Africa, for in portions of these old countries man has 

 doubtless passed, successively and slowly, through all these stages. But 

 all these stages are not represented in all countries, nor do they neces- 

 sarily correspond to the geological epochs mentioned above. The South- 

 Sea-Islanders, for example, are still in the Stone age. The American 

 Indians were in the Stone age only three centuries ago. 



The table given above carries man back to the Champlain or even 



