PRIMEVAL MAN IN EUROPE. 609 



agency in flint implements in Pliocene strata at Savone ; but the con- 

 temporaneousness of the flints and the deposit is regarded as doubtful. 

 Again, Palaeolithic implements have been found in Madras in strata 

 supposed by Falconer to be Pliocene ; but more recent investigations 

 make the strata Quaternary.* Of the supposed Pliocene man in Cali- 

 fornia we will speak further on. Suffice it to say that Dawkins, sum- 

 ming up the evidence in 1882,f Boule in 1888,]; and Evans in 1890, # 

 decide that the existence of Tertiary man is yet unproved. 



Quaternary Man — Mammoth Age. — But of the existence of man in 

 Europe and America, as early as the middle of the Quaternary period, 

 there seems to be abundant evidence. We shall select only a few 

 striking examples : 



a. In River-Gravels. — In the terraces of the river Somme, near 

 Abbeville, were found, nearly twenty years ago, by M. Boucher de 

 Perthes, chipped flint implements, associated with bones of the mam- 

 moth, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, hyena, horse, etc. The doubts with 



Fig. 972.— Section across Valley of the Somme: 1, peat, twenty to thirty feet thick, resting on 

 gravel, a; 2, lower-level gravels, with elephant-bones and flint implements, covered with river- 

 loam twenty to forty feet thick; 3. upper-level gravels, with similar fossils covered with loam, 

 in all, thirty feet thick; 4, upland loam, five to six feet thick; 5, Eocene-Tertiary. 



which the first announcement of these facts was received have been en- 

 tirely removed by careful examination of the locality by many scientists, 

 both of France and England. 



The findings were in undisturbed gravels, both lower (2) and upper 

 (3), beneath river-loam twenty to thirty feet thick. Supposing that 

 the upper loam (4) represents the full Champlain flood-deposit, then 

 3 and 2 represent the later Champlain or early Terrace epoch. 



In England, also, at Hoxne, similar flint implements, associated with 

 bones of extinct animals, were found in strata underlying the higher- 

 level river- gravels, but overlying the bowlder -drift or true glacial de- 

 posit. This fixes the age as Champlain. Many other examples of 

 similar findings might be cited. 



b. Bone-Caves — Engis Skull. — In the caves of Belgium and Germany 

 have been found human tones associated with extinct animals. The 

 best example is that of the skull found in a cave at Engis, on the banks 

 of the Meuse, near Liege. Of the great antiquity of this skull there 

 seems to be no doubt. It was found in bone breccia, associated with 

 bones of Quaternary extinct species and living species, beneath a stal- 



* American Journal of Science, 1875, vol. x, p. 232. 



\ Revue d' Anthropologic, vol. iii, p. 679. \ Nature, vol. xxvi, p. 434. 



# Nature, vol. xlii, p. 508. 1890. 



39 



