PRIMEVAL MAN IN EUROPE. 



611 



is undoubted, for his bones are associated with those of the cave-lion, 

 cave-bear, rhinoceros, reindeer, together with living species. The bones 

 of the skeleton are all in place, surrounded with the implements of the 

 chase (flint implements), and the spoils of the chase, viz., the bones of 

 reindeer, perforated teeth of stag, etc. Of the latter, twenty-two lay 

 about his head. These are supposed to have been worn as a chaplet. This 

 Quaternary man seems to have laid himself down quietly in his cave- 

 home and died, and Nature covered his grave with a tablet of stalagmite. 

 All these, and many more which might be mentioned, belong to 

 the early Palaeolithic, although the last is probably a transition to the 

 next or Eeindeer age. They were contemporaneous with the mam- 

 moth, the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, the cave-bear, the cave-lion, 

 the cave-hyena, and other extinct animals ; but the reindeer had not 

 yet, to any extent, invaded Middle Europe from the north. They seem 

 to have been savages of the lowest type, living by hunting and dwell- 

 ing in caves, and their implements were of the rudest kind. There is 

 no evidence of agriculture or of domestic animals. In many cases 

 there have been found some anatomical characters of a low or animal 

 type, such as flattened shin-bones, very prominent occipital protuber- 

 ance, less than usual separation between the temporal ridges, large 

 size of the ivisdom teeth, and, in the case of the Neanderthal race, a 

 very low arch of the skull, and bent knees, etc. But all these charac- 

 ters, unless we except the last two, are found now in some savage races, 



either as racial or as individual peculiarities. 



The earliest men yet found are in no sense 



connecting links between man and ape. They 



* are distinctively human. 



Reindeer Age or Later Palaeolith- 

 ic. — During this age man was 

 still associated in Middle 

 Europe with Quater- 

 nary animals, 



but also now 

 with arctic 

 animals, es- 

 pecially the 

 reindeer. It 

 probably cor- 



Fxg. 975.— A Section of the Aurignac Cave: a, vault in which remains of seven- 

 teen human skeletons were found; b, made ground, two feet thick, in which 

 human bones and entire bones of extinct and living mammals, and works 

 of art, were imbedded; c, layer of ashes and charcoal, eight inches thick, 

 with broken, burnt, and gnawed bones of extinct and living mammals, also 

 hearth-stones and works of art; d, deposit with similar contents; e, talus responds Wltn 

 washed down from hill above; f g, slab of stone which closed the vault; 

 / i, rabbit-burrow, which led to discovery. 



the Terrace 

 perhaps 



or 



Second Glacial epoch. The implements were still chipped, but much 

 more neatly. 



Aurignac Cave. — This sepulchral cave and its rich contents were 



