NEOLITHIC MAN. 613 



relics of man ranging from early to late Palaeolithic. The Palaeolithic 

 Aqnitanians seem to have been somewhat more advanced, and of a more 

 peaceful temper, than the early Palaeolithic men already described. Al- 

 though there is no evidence of agriculture, they lived by fishing as well as 

 by hunting. This is shown by the number of fishing-hooks of bone found 

 there. They seemed also to have had a taste and some skill in drawing, 

 for they have left some drawings of contemporaneous but now extinct 

 animals, especially the mammoth, the reindeer, and the horse. Fig. 976 

 is a piece of reindeer-horn on which is a rude etching of the mammoth. 

 Conclusions. — It seems evident that in Europe the earliest men were 

 contemporaneous with a large number of now extinct animals, and were 

 a principal agent in their extinction ; that they saw the flooded rivers 

 of the Champlain epoch, and the great glaciers of the Second Glacial 

 epoch ; but there is no reliable evidence yet of their existence before 

 the First Glacial epoch. 



Neolithic Man ; Refuse-Heaps ; Shell-Mounds ; Kitchen- Middens. 



In Northern Europe, especially in Denmark, are found shell-mounds 

 of great size, 1,000 feet long, 200 feet wide, and ten feet high. They 

 are probably the accumulated refuse of annual tribal feasts. The early 

 races of men in all countries seem to have had the custom of gathering 

 in large numbers at stated intervals, and feasting on shell-fish and 

 other animals, and leaving their remains in large heaps to mark the 

 spot of assembly. The evidences of a very marked advance are found 

 in these heaps. The implements are many of them carefully shaped 

 or else polished by rubbing. There are no longer any remains of ex- 

 tinct animals, but only of living animals ; and there are now found 

 remains of at least one domestic animal, viz., the dog, though not yet 

 any evidence of agriculture. We have evidence also at this time of 

 organized communities. 



Transition to the Bronze Age— Lake-Dwellings. — In the Swiss, 

 Austrian, and Hungarian lakes are found abundant evidences of a more 

 advanced race than any yet mentioned, which had the singular custom 

 of dwelling in houses constructed on piles in the lakes, and connected 

 with the land by mean of piers or bridges. Similar lake-dwellings are 

 found noiv in New Guinea and in South America, and very recently, by 

 Lieutenant Cameron, in Africa.* By means of dredging, a great num- 

 ber and variety of implements of polished stone and of bronze have 

 been obtained. Some of these were evidently used for ornament, some 

 for domestic purposes, some for agriculture ; some were weapons of war, 

 some fishing-tackle. Many of these are wrought with great skill and 

 taste. Domestic animals — ox, sheep, goat, and dog; cereal grains — 



* Nature, vol. xiii, p 202, January, 1876. 



