768 PROFESSOR FLEEMING JENKIN AND J. A. EWING ON THE 
gives a set of as as sung by voice 5, and fig. 10 givesa set of @s by the 
same voice. The analyses of these are contained in Tables XIII. and XIV. 
respectively. The range over which good phonographic records were obtained 
from this voice. was, it will be observed, extremely limited. 
These tables show that where 6 has only the first and second partials pro- 
minent, a@° has three consecutive partials all more or less strong, and @ has 
four. On e, where 6 was composed chiefly of three partials, a has four and @ 
five. Generally, the average pitch of the reinforced group of partials is higher 
for a than for 6, and higher still for @; and the range over which the re- 
inforcement extends in a and d is at least as great as it wasind. The upper 
maximum of reinforcement for @ appears to be on or close to g’, that is, nine 
semitones higher than it was for 6. For a it is probably about ¢>’or e’, or from 
five to six semitones higher than for 6. 
Experiments throwing additional light on the subject have been made by 
the help of an apparatus exhibited by Professor Crum Brown at the meeting 
of the Society held on June 3. It consisted of a resonating cavity or bottle 
of irregular form, made of gutta-percha, to which bagpipe reeds of various 
pitches were applied. There were several holes in the sides of the bottle, by — 
closing or opening which its properties as a resonator could be altered. When 
the reed was blown the apparatus spoke or rather sung a vowel sound, whose 
quality depended on what holes were left open. It could be made to give the 
vowels 6,@,d, and 72. In particular, it gave a remarkably good imitation of the 
vowel 6 with one arrangement of the apertures in the sides. The form of the 
bottle was arrived at more or less tentatively. If the pitch of the reed was 
altered, the cavity remaining constant in every way, the same vowel con- 
tinued to be given, at of course a changed pitch. Professor Crum Brown was 
kind enough to lend us this apparatus in order that we might investigate the 6 
which it spoke in the same way as we had investigated that vowel as produced 
by human voices. By holding this apparatus before the mouthpiece of the 
phonograph, and using reeds of various pitches, we have obtained curves for 
artificial 6’s ranging from eto é. The pitch of the sound was determined in each 
case by measuring the record. These 6’s when reproduced by the phonograph 
came out very well—even better than the original sound, as the jarring noise 
of the reed was lost. Their vowel quality was recognisable without the smallest 
difficulty as 6, of perhaps a somewhat bright species. Fig. 11, Plate XX XIX., 
shows the curves got for the artificial ds, and Table XV. gives the results 
of their analysis. An inspection of it brings out several important facts. 
In the first place, it will be observed that the artificial 6's, which are 
known to have been produced by the resonance of a constant cavity, are 
marked, like the human 6’s, by a wide range of pitch throughout which the 
partial tones are more or less reinforced. We have a fourth partial distinctly 
