SUPPOSED UPHEAVAL OF SCOTLAND. 45 
Graham’s Dyke, by Thirlstane, to the sea. Parliament granted the application, 
and the Presbytery of Linlithgow accordingly designed the new parish, declaring 
its southern boundary to be “ Graham’s Dyke,” and the east boundary to run 
by Thirlstane. Now this east boundary, separating Borrowstounness parish 
from Carriden parish, runs northwards, past old Grange House, viz., on the west 
side of it; so that this Act of Parliament, in the year 1649, and the decree of 
Presbytery which followed on it a year or two afterwards, is distinct evidence 
that the Roman wall was at that time not only distinguishable, but a well- 
marked and conspicuous work, as far east as old Grange House. But even at 
a later date, viz., in the year 1726, the rampart or dyke as far as Grange House 
was still visible. ALEx. GorpDoN, whose journey through Scotland was pub- 
lished in that year, writes with reference to ANTONINE’S wall thus :—“ For 
a mile beyond Kinneil, a faint track of the rampart may be traced to the House 
of the Grange, above Borrowstounness, where it is yet to be seen, a little way 
farther eastward. But from this place I could never find a vestige of it any 
more.” (Page 60.) 
It is right to notice, that the word Kinneil, a place situated between Inver- 
avon and Bridgeness, is supposed by Celtic scholars to signify the “end of a turf 
embankment.” This might lead one to expect that the Roman wall should have 
terminated at the place now bearing that name. Perhaps this etymological 
difficulty may be got over by remembering that, though the wall of ANTONINE 
was brought as far eastward as Bridgeness, when the sculptured tablet was 
erected there to record the fact, the wall may not always have extended as 
far as that spot. In fact, about half a century previously, in the time of 
AGRICOLA, there had been a different barrier, though following the same general 
line, and it may have terminated at the place now called Kinneil. After 
ANTONINE’S time, there were also several changes made on this military work. 
Moreover, it deserves to be mentioned, that Kinneil formed a large barony and 
a parish, before Borrowstounness was carved out of it, and that there may have 
been another place farther eastward anciently called Kinneil. 
This, however, is a question for the archzeologists to settle; and I proceed 
now to consider the bearing of the tablet on the geological question, assuming 
that the place where it was discovered really indicates the eastern termination 
of the rampart. 
If the land was then twenty-five feet lower than now, then the tablet, and 
the wall in which it was fixed, must have been six feet under the sea at every 
tide, and must also have been so exposed to the beating of the waves, that 
neither tablet nor wall could have stood many weeks. It is impossible to 
suppose that the tablet, with elaborate sculpturing, and bearing a dedication to 
_ the emperor, could have been set up in such a position. Moreover, the neck 
of land which joins the ness or knoll to the mainland, being only twenty-three 
