318 PROFESSOR LISTER ON THE GERM THEORY 
three different species, judging from their differences in density and rate of 
growth. They continued to grow until at last they almost filled the wine-glass, 
the fluid above them retaining its transparency unimpaired. When they had 
grown too large for their wine-glass, I transferred them to a large goblet into 
which urine had been passed, with the same sort of antiseptic precautions as were 
before described, after the goblet had been heated along with its saucer-like 
cover, and allowed to cool under a glass shade, packed round its base with cotton- 
wool to exclude dust. In this goblet the fungi continued to develope ; and one 
growing more rapidly than the rest at length overlapped and smothered them, 
and then continued to grow alone till, by the end of January, ten weeks after 
the commencement of the experiment, the goblet was almost full of the delicate 
white filamentous mass, which, with the bright unaltered amber-coloured liquid 
above, presented a very beautiful appearance. At length, in the early part of 
February, I observed that the whole urine had become turbid, and at the same 
time the fungus, which before had continued to grow steadily upwards, had 
suddenly collapsed into about a third of its former volume. On examination I 
found that the liquid had a strong smell, and contained multitudes of minute 
granules grouped irregularly in a different manner from that which prevails 
among bacteria. In bacteria, where more than two constituent elements are 
connected together, they are commonly arranged in a linear series, constituting 
what are termed leptothrix filaments, as seen in Plate XXII. fig. 3 } and fig. 4. 
But in the case of these granules, when three or four were associated, they 
never showed themselves in a line, and when only two were together the mem- 
bers of the pair were often dissimilar in size. Yet, though unlike bacteria, there 
could be little doubt that these granules were some species of organism, and 
the natural interpretation was that it had found its way into the glass, and, 
developing in the urine, had rendered it poisonous for the fungus, just as 
is commonly seen when bacteria grow along with Penicillium Glaucum in 
urine. The bacteria occasion putrefaction in the fluid, and when this has 
advanced to a certain degree the growth of the Penicillium is arrested. 
I had before met with granules of similar size and grouping. They occurred 
in one of the two glasses of boiled urine in this experiment. To one of those 
glasses, it may be remembered, a drop of tap water was added, while the other 
was simply covered with a glass plate. In the former glass bacteria of usual 
appearance showed themselves, as was to be expected; but it was five days 
before they occurred, whereas a specimen of the same urine unboiled presented 
bacteria in abundance in two days when similarly treated. This, I may remark, 
implied that the unboiled urine was a much more favourable nidus for the 
development of these organisms than the boiled liquid, and therefore a more 
sensitive medium to experiment with. The other glass of boiled urine, to 
which no water was added, continued unchanged for three weeks, which was 
