446 DR DONALDSON. ON THE EXPIATORY AND SUBSTITUTIONARY 
to be fat, and feast upon him.”* Here there is no allusion to the dappaxoi. .The 
officers of the state are compared to victims fed at the public expense, to be sacri- 
ficed whenever the Athenians chose. The scholiast, failmg to understand the 
joke, identifies the dnudovo1 with the dappaxoi, and infers from the latter part of the 
verse that these ¢dapyaxoi were really slain, and purified the city by their blood. 
The subsequent writers who deal with the dapyaxor present us with a blending 
of the information given by Harpocration and the scholiast of Aristophanes. 
Photius (850 p.c.) repeats the statements of Helladius in his Lexicon. Surpas 
(eleventh century) has three articles on ¢dapyaxds. In the one he describes the 
dappakds “as a person slain for the purification of the city, whom they call 
xdfappa.” In a second he says “they are persons nourished at the public 
expense, who purified the cities by their own murder.” In the third he repeats 
the statements of Helladius. Tzerzzs (twelfth century) gives us additional infor- 
mation—“‘ Placing the victim in a suitable spot, and giving into his hand cheese 
and cakes and figs, they struck him seven times on the penis with squills and 
wild figs and other wild plants, and finally burned him with fire on wild wood, 
and scattered his ashes to the waves and to the winds” (Chil. v. 736).t Tzerzxs 
does not confine the custom to Athens, but supposes the sacrifice to take place 
when a calamity befalls a city. He also quotes passages of Hipponax, in which 
the meaning of ¢appaxds is doubtful, but it is generally taken to be sorcerer or 
magician. The treatment of the body of the dapyaxds TzETZES seems to have 
borrowed from the conduct of pagans towards the ashes of Christians, as in the 
case of the martyrs of Lyons and Vienne. 
We have given all the authorities on this subject, and, from our survey, we 
think that the inference cannot but be drawn that we have no trustworthy 
information, and that, therefore, there is no good evidence for the human 
sacrifice. 
It is natural, in such circumstances, that those critics who attempt to come 
to definite conclusions should differ widely from each other. Some think that 



* Equit. 1131, Vewsen’s text. 
1 We give the original of Tzprzns—specimens of the versus politici or accentual verses— 
5 happakds 7d kabappa ToLodTov Hy TO TaAaL. 
dv ovppopa KatédaBe rodw Geounvia, 
cir’ ov Aysos etre Noynds etre Kal BAGBos aAAo, 
TOV TdVvTWV aopPdTepov HyoV ws mpos Ovoiar, 
eis kaGappov Kal pappakov moAEws THs vorovoys. 
eis TOmov O€ TOV mpdapopoy oTHTaVTEs THY Ovoiay, 
tupov Te Sevres TH XELpt Kai pacay Kal icxadas 
éxtakis yap pamicavres éxeivov eis TO 7é0s 
oxidXaus cuKals aypiais Te Kal GAXots TOY aypiwv 
tTédos mrupi Karéxavov év EvAous Trois dyplors, 
Kal Tov o7rodor eis Oddacoay éppatvoy cis avemous 
Kat Kadapmov THs TOAEWs, Os Efyv, THS VOTOVNS. 
