BANKS OF THE TWEED AND SOME OF ITS TRIBUTARIES. 539 
The Berwick and Kelso Railway passes through great knolls of sand and 
gravel at Riffington, and west of Cornhill. 
Section of about 2 miles along North Bank of River Tweed between Chain Bridge and Mouth of 
River Whitadder. | 
| ra 
Ht {7 fill a i a Bt i i 
MRR OS 2S} Ailhitsnet i jl i j 
West EON R ig i i Bs ial East 
Sees 

Fig. 11. 
The black line at the bottom represents the River Tweed. 
The unshaded parts, marked R R, represent Ravines cut by burns through drift and rocks. 
The faint broken horizontal lines show Water Marks formed on the Drift. 
The Stratified Rocks are indicated by the parallel lines dipping eastward. 
The dark shaded parts are Sand ; the lighter shaded parts, at top, are Gravel. 
In the parishes of Gordon and Greenlaw, about 300 feet above the sea, 
there are extensive hills of sand and fine gravel. There is sand also along the 
base of the Lammermuir hills, at heights of from 800 to 900 feet above the sea. 
In like manner, on the opposite side of the valley, near the Cheviot hills, 
there are enormous masses of sand and fine gravel, up to heights of 400 feet 
above the sea and more, which having been cut through by the small rivers 
flowing down from the hills, present cliffs nearly perpendicular and occasionally 
100 feet high. 
In the valley of the Cayle, between Eckford and Kirkbank, there is a kaim 
or eskar of fine sand, from 400 to 500 yards in length, very round backed. Its 
width at the base may be about 80 yards. It stands up above the adjoining 
land to the height of about 30 feet at its west end, and about 50 feet at its east 
end. Its direction is (by compass) S.W. by W. Its height above the sea is 
about 200 feet. 
The sand and gravel beds are all more or less stratified. 
Generally speaking, the gravel lies above the sand. 
Occasionally, pebbles occur in the sand. Those well rounded consist almost 
always of hard rocks, not belonging to the adjoining district. Sometimes there 
are lumps of coal and shale—also so rounded on the edges, as to show that 
they too have undergone much friction in transport. Near Old Heiton, on 
the River Till, there are pebbles of buff felspar and coal shale. The former may 
have come from the Cheviots to the south-west, or Dirrington Hill to the north. 
The shale may have come from the coal beds near Jedburgh. Lumps of true 
coal are found in sand pits at Milne Graden and Paxton. As shale and coal 
is comparatively light, they may have been transported by currents of water, 
and lodgedin the sand beds or banks then forming. 
Pieces of coal and shale have been found also in the c/ay of brick works, 
as at Eyemouth and Broomdykes. Marine limestone pebbles occur in the 
