542 D. MILNE HOME ON HIGH-WATER MARKS ON THE 
the valley on the north and on the south, with several of their heights, as 
also the general trend of the parallel ridges. 
(3). There is a third form taken by these gravel and sand beds. 
On Greenlaw Moor there isa ridge of sand and gravel, about 24 miles in 
length, having a curved form, the concavity being towards Dirrington Hill, 
situated to the north. This ridge is from 30 to 50 feet in height, with sides 
sometimes as steep as 40°. The sand and gravel in this remarkable ridge form 
separate beds or layers. The following figure 13 is reduced from the Ordnance 
Survey. 
At Oxendean, in the parish of Dunse, and distant from Greenlaw Moor about 
4 miles, a similar ridge of gravel and sand runs for 13 mile. (See fig. 14). 
Both of these kaims are on nearly the same level above the sea, viz., about 
700 feet. Both are now cut across by smallrivers. But an inspection conveys 
a strong impression, that when originally formed, both of these kaims had been 
continuous or uninterrupted in their course; in other words, that they were. 
formed before rivers existed, 7.e., that they had been submarine banks, when 
the sea stood 1000 feet at least higher than now. 
The interruption of the Oxendean Kaim, where a stream crosses it, is so 
instructive, that I have attempted to explain it in the diagram (fig. 2, Plate 
XXXVI) The kaim itself, running about E.N.E., lies on a mass of gravel. Itis 
interrupted, however, by a deep glen or gully, at the bottom of which runs a small 
but rapid stream. The cliffs forming the sides of this valley show, that they are 
composed of gravel and sand for some feet from the surface, and covering old red 
sandstone rocks, which are not so hard or solid as to have resisted the cutting 
and undermining action of the stream. The cliffs forming the sides of the gully 
are about 80 to 120 yards apart. The east cliff is about 40 to 50 feet high, the 
west cliff (concealed in the diagram from view) is about 60 to 70 feet high, and 
rocky in its lower part. The haugh ground is higher on the east side of the 
gully, than on the west. The haugh is occupied by four or five ridges of gravel, 
almost parallel to one another and to the axis of the valley. These are shown 
on the diagram by the letters a, a, a, a. They are from 60 to 70 yards in 
length, and from 15 to 25 feet in height. The sequence of changes appears 
to have been as follows :—1st, By some means, the district has had spread over 
it a sheet of gravel and sand, covering the rocks. How this could have been 
effected, except by means of sea currents, it is difficult to imagine. 2d, The 
Kaim or Ridge, represented on the diagram, has been formed as a sub- 
marine bank, continuous in its whole length of a mile or more. 3d, The 
land rose, so that this part of the district became dry land. 4th, A stream 
was formed from the drainage of the adjoining hill slopes. 5th, The progress 
of this stream to a lower part of the country, was for a time obstructed by this 
kaim, through which, however, at some low point on its line, the stream at length — 

