544 D. MILNE HOME ON HIGH-WATER MARKS ON THE 
the kaim, worked its way into the gravelly detritus on which the kaim had 
rested, to form the gully now occupied by the stream. 8th, As the haugh land 
is higher on its east side than on its west, it may be inferred that the stream 
from some cause gradually changed its course towards the west, obtaining a _ 
new channel in the detritus, and leaving a ridge of gravel between its several 
channels, as represented by @, a, a, a, on the diagram. 
These kaims differ in form with the nature of the materials composing them. 
When of sand, they are more round-backed, and the steepness of their sides is 
less than when chiefly of gravel. For example, the kaim already referred to 
in Eckford parish (page 539), as composed almost entirely of sand, has a width 
at the top on an average about 20 yards, being double the width of those 
composed of gravel. 
In Castleton parish, there is a kaim about 4 a mile in length, and 50 to 60 
feet high, running N.E. by E. Coarse gravel is in its upper part, fine gravel 
and sand in its lower part ; pebbles of granite,* both red and gray, occur in it. 
3. The Boulders of the district may be classed under three heads. 
There are blocks, consisting of rocks belonging to the district, 7.¢., to the 
valley of the Tweed. 
There are blocks, consisting of rocks belonging, not to Tweed valley, but 
to the hills skirting the valley on the west, north, and south. 
There are blocks which, judging from the nature of the rock, must have 
come from regions more distant. 
(1). The blocks formed of rocks belonging to Tweed valley, are sometimes 
rounded, and occasionally angular. 
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Carham. 
Near Carham, on the south side of the Tweed, there is a rock, of white chert — 
limestone, which stands well up above the general surface, and bears marks 
of great grinding and striation on its western fronts. The height is from 180 
to 190 feet above the sea. 
Large masses of this rock have been carried to the east; none to the west. 
The above diagram shows a section from a railway cutting about a mile to — 
the east of Carham Station. A, is porphyry rock, about 20 feet above the — 
* These granite pebbles must have come from the Dumfriesshire hills. 

