560 D. MILNE HOME ON HIGH-WATER MARKS ON THE 
terraces are not quite at the same height as on the banks of the Earn, On 
the Teith, Mr Brown states the height to be 6, 12 or 14 feet, and 24 feet 
above the river. 
This last height I can myself vouch for. In the ‘‘ Estuary of the Forth” 
(p. 3), notice is taken of a river margin in the Teith 25 feet above the present 
level of the river. 
Mr Wuiraker, F.G.S., in his “ Guide to the Geology of London and its 
Neighbourhood,” recently published, refers to the gravels deposited by the old 
Thames, on the flanks of its valley. He adds that— 
“From the occurrence of these river drifts, at successive stages or terraces on the sides of 
the valley, we are led to infer that, after the deposit of the first or highest gravel, the river 
deepened its bed, cutting through that gravel, and depositing another mass at a lower level; in 
its turn to be cut through, as the channel was further deepened. Naturally the highest of these 
terraces, of which there are often three in the valley of the Thames, has suffered more from 
denudation than the others.” (P. 66). 
Mr Tytor, referring to the Aire, in Yorkshire, says that it has a flood line 
about 10 feet above the present level of the river, and that there are escarp- 
ments 50 feet above the river, which show (he says), the line, at which the river 
formerly flowed. (‘ London Geol. Jour.” for 1869, p. 63). 
The River Somme, in Brittany, has been very carefully examined by Presr- 
wick, TyLor, and others, on account of the flint implements and animal remains 
found in its banks. All agree, that there are escarpments of gravel at a height 
of about 84 feet above the river and 133 feet above the sea, indicating, as 
these gentlemen think, that the river ran formerly at that higher level. 
A similar escarpment is visible on the Rhine. Professor Ramsay (“ Lond. 
Geol. Journ.” for 1874, p. 88), says of the Rhine, that— 
“The traces of its temporary levels, as the river cut its way down, may still be seen on the 
cliffs high above the present surface of the river. Thus on the hill behind Bingen, there are 
the relics of a plain 341 feet above the river. This plateau also, in a fragmentary state, is 
continued farther down the Rhine. 
“ As the gorge (near Bingen) was being gradually cut out and deepened, in consequence 
of this, the Rhine, wandering through the plain beyond Bingen, by degrees lowered ifs surface ; 
so, just in proportion, the Maine, the Neckar, the Kinzig, and other tributary rivers, also lowered 
their channels. The reasoning now applied to the Rhine, is equally applicable to the Danube 
and other European rivers of equal importance. 
“Similar terraces (adds Professor Ramsay), occur on the Mozelle.” (P. 95.) 
It appears also, that in the valley of the Nile, there are terraces at 30 feet, 
100 feet, and even at greater heights, which Sir CuHarLes LYELL considers to 
indicate the levels of the river, before the land was elevated. (“ Elements,” 
|e 0) 
I mentioned at the commencement of this paper, that there are some 


