GLOSSARY. 163 



scaly or marked with scars of former leaves, and producing new shoots an- 

 nually, chiefly at the apex. 



Root: a hoMf— t. or an absorbent organ of the plant, or both. 



According to their places, roots are: soil-roots; water-roots; air-roots; adventiliou 5 

 roots. 



According to their functions, roots are: feeding roots; clinging roots; prop-roots. 

 ording to their shape, roots are of two types: 



a. axial, having a main body continuous with the stem at the collum or 



neck, viz: 

 ramous or lap-root, extensively branching; 



fusiform or spindle-shaped root, tapering downward and for a short distance up- 

 ward. 

 conical root, tapering downward, beginning at the collum; 

 napiform or turnip-shaped root, often broader than long. 



b. diffuse, dividing up into long, slender roots of nearly equal size, with- 



out a main root, viz: 

 fibrous roots, with thread-like divisions; 

 fasciculate roots, with some of the fibres fleshy; 

 nodulous roots, when the fibres have irregular thickenings; 

 moniliform or necklace-roots, with regular enlargements on the fibres. 

 Rufous: tawny, yellowish red. 



Runner: A stem or branch that creeps along the ground, rooting at intervals. 

 Scape: a leafless flower-axis arising from the root. 

 Scapose: bearing a scape, or resembling a scape. 



Scar: the mark left upon a stem or a branch by the separation of a twig or a leaf. 

 Scarious: dry, thin and colorless, membranous. 

 Seed: (see Ovules). 



Sepals: parts of the Calyx or Perianth. 



Sorus (plural Sori) : a fruit-dot, or cluster of sporangia on Ferns. 

 Spathe: a large bract, sometimes a pair of bracts, partially enclosing or covering a 



flower or an infloresence. 

 Sporangium: a special cell producing or containing spores. 

 Spore: a cell set apart for reproduction. 

 Spur: a hollow pointed or sac-like appendage. 

 Squarrose: with spreading processes. 

 Stalk : a lengthened support of a part of a plant. 

 Stamen: the leafy structure of the Angiosperms bearing the pollen (microspores). 



A stamen consists of the f lament and the anther, the latter composed of 

 two pollen-sacs (micros porangiu); the portion of the filament which con- 

 nects the two parts of the anther is the connectile or connective. — A 

 stamen without anther is a staminodium. — Stamens are called: 

 monadelphous, when united by their filaments into 1 bundle; 



diadelphous, when so united into 2 sets, either of the same or of different numbers. 

 polyadelphous, when so united into several sets; 

 syngenesious, when united by their anthers; 

 didynamous, when 2 are long and 2 shorter in the same flower; 

 letrnilynamuus, when 4 arc long and 2 shorter in the same flower. 

 Stellate: radiating from a point, slur-shaped. 



Stem: the axis or main body of a plant. It is called caulis in herbs, culm in grasses 

 and sedges, trunk in trees, caudex in palms and trce-fernv r < audex 



in the cactus, vine in climbing and trailing pi > alc-!x.anng. mostly 



