Preface 



The need for a third edition of Ihe "Guide to Spring Flowers" has made il possible 

 to broaden il f the guide. The period covered ha- been ext nded i<> the middle 



of June in the hope of including all the species that might be found by classes during an 

 unusually early spring. In addition, the cultivated trees and the common garden species that 

 bloom during this period have been included. In order to give the beginner greater certainty 

 and readiness in naming plants, about 160 of the more common genera have been illustrated. 

 Moreover, these have been grouped in plates under the various orders and families with 

 the object of giving greater clearness to the idea of flower types outlined in the introduction, 

 and shown in the chart of evolution and relationship. 



The flowering plants of the whole school year, from September 1 to June 15, both 

 cultivated and native, are now covered b} the two guides to spring flowers and to autumn 

 flowers. In a few years it is expected that a summei guide will be prepared, in anticipation 

 of the time when a completely illustrated 1 k of all tin flowers of the state will be possible. 



Britton and Brown's "Illustrated Flora" and Gray's "Manual" have been freely drawn 

 upon in the preparation of the present guide, and acknowledgment is hereby made of their 

 aid. The grouping of the families is essentially that of the Besseyan system of classification. 

 The sequence is from pines and buttercups to pinks and mints to roses and asters, and then 

 to lilies, grasses and orchids. 



In addition to the list of publications in the following scries, "Minnesota Trees and 

 Shrubs" i- also available for students and plant lovers generally. In fact, it supplants the 

 "Guide to Trees and Shrubs." which will not he republished hereafter. "Minnesota Algae" 



so valuable for schools, health officers, water and fish commissioners, a- well as to others 

 who possess microso ip< s. 



MINNESOTA I'l.Wl STUDIES 



1. Guide to Spring Flowers, third edition (15 cents). 



2. Guide to Trees and Shrubs, second edition ( 10 cents). 



3. Guide to Ferns and Fern Allies (10 cents I. 



4. Minnesota Mushrooms ( paper. 50 cents ; cloth, $1.00). 



5. Guide to Autumn Flowers < IS cents). 



6. School Gardens and Greenhouses (IS cents). 



Copies of the above publications are sent free to residents of Minnesota. Ten copies of 

 X- 1, 5 and will be furnished tree to the schools and colleges of the state. Additional 

 s may be secured at the price indicated. This is the price also for non-residents, who 

 are not on the exchange list of the Botanical Survey. 



FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS. 

 Head of the Department of Botany and State Botanist. 

 The University of Minnesota 

 April 1913 



