THE MARINE ALOE OF NEW ENGLAND. 21 



and destitute of any "ieneral envcloiK'. In by far the grcat^'r nuiuber of 

 genera the spores are not formed by direet outjxrowths from the tricho- 

 phore. In Cdllifhamnion^ for instance, the fcrtibzin;^ infhience is ])ropa- 

 gated from the tricho^yne, through the triehophore and the cells below it 

 which constitute the trichophorie apparatus, to certain lateral cells, from 

 which by repeated cell-division the spores are formed. In Dinhrsnaj/a the 

 cells of the trichophorie apparatus send out a nund)er of lateral tubes, 

 which, in turn, convey the fertilizing impulse to certain moditied branches 

 in other i):irts of the frond, so that, in reality, the cystocari) is formed 

 at some distance from the tricho;.iyne by means of which it has been 

 indirectly fertilized. A similar nu)de of fert ilization is known in Polyiihs 

 and, according to Professor Schmitz, in the S<ju(imaric(v. The cystocar])s 

 are sometimes naked, that is, without a special membranous envelope, 

 as in Xcmalion, but they not unfretpiently are contained in a concepta- 

 cle or pericarp. In the latter case, the development can only be studied 

 with ditliculty, because the conceptacle, which originates from some of 

 the cells below the trichophore, develops more rapidly than the rest of 

 the cystocarp, and so shuts out from view the i)rocess of the formation 

 of the spores. It is impossible in the present article to enter into the 

 details of the development of the cystocarp in this complicated order, 

 but the reader interested in the subject is referred to the superb work 

 of Thuret and Bornet, Etudes Phycologiques, and the hardly less admi- 

 rable Xotes Algologiques, of the same authors, for a masterly exx^osition 

 of the subject. 



MODE OF COLLECTING AXD PREPAKIXG SEA-WEEDS. 



The collector of sea- weeds should be provided with a pail of tin or 

 wood, or, better still, with one of papier mache if it can be procured, in 

 which he should place a number of large wide-mouthed bottles and several 

 small bottles, and one or two vials tilled with alcohol should not be forgot- 

 ten. A knife is needed for scraping crustaceous alga3 from stones, and a 

 geologist's hammer and chisel are often useful. A hand-net, with a long, 

 stout, jointless pole and net with small meshes is a necessity. Clothes for 

 wading are also indispensable, since the best collecting grounds are 

 below low-water mark. If the collector is not already sufficiently en- 

 cumbered, he may throw a common botanical collecting-box over his 

 shoulder, as it will serve to carry the coarser species. Collecting on 

 sandy or gravelly beaches is very simide. One finds there only the 

 Florideiv and larger brown sea-w^eeds which are washed ashore after a 

 storm. It is only necessary to pull over the heaps of refuse at high- 

 water mark, or to dip uj) with a net the specimens which are lloating at 

 low-water. Collecting on beaches is uncertain, because it is only at 

 certain times that specimens are washed ashore. On rocky shores, on 

 wharves, aud on the eel-grass we are always sure to find something. 

 One should examine the surface of rocks wet with the spray, the bases 

 of the stalks of the marsh grasses, and even the surface of mud which is 



