CRYPTOGAMIA. 93 



4. HepaticcB, liverworts. 



5. Fungi, muslirooms. 



6. Lichens, rock-mosses. 



7. Lycopodiums, club-mosses. 



8. AlgcB, wiiter-weeds, mosses, etc. 



243. We will now take up the cryptogamous plants, but 

 in describing them we use different terms from those de- 

 scribing analagous organs in the phenogamous tribe; and 

 before proceeding farther you must be told some of them, 

 and their meanings explained, so as to assist you as much 

 as possible in your future studies of the natural speci- 

 mens. 



244. Calyptra means a cap or vail, and is the covering 

 that incloses the theca ov capsule before the sporules or 

 seeds are yet ripe. It is shaped much like an extinguisher, 

 and bursts longitudinally (Fig. 117), leaving the theca (Fig. 



Fig. 117. Fig. 118. Fig. 119. Fig. 120. 



118). The little cap on the theca is called ojjerculiwi (Fig. 

 119). 



245. Indusium is the shield or scale covering tlie capsule 

 or seed-cases of ferns (Fig. 120). Sori are the fruit-dots on 

 the back of the fronds (Fig. 121). The cap is the head or 

 expanded part of the mushroom (Fig. 122). Gills or la- 

 mellcB are the laminated divisions of the under side (Fig. 

 123). Volva is the membranous covering protecting the 

 gills ; it is attached to the margin of the cap and to the 

 stipe. When the cap is fully grown the volva bursts at the 

 margin, but, retaining its connection with the stipe, falls 

 over it like a curtain (Fig. 124). When the plant is fully 



243. What can you say of the cryptogamous plants? 



244. What is a ca]3-ptra ? A theca ? 



245. What is an indusium ? Sori ? Cap ? Volva ? 



