100 FAMILIAR LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



The arrangement of the veins, venation, is either reticu- 

 late or parallel. The first is divided into palm venation, 

 lobed venation, etc. ; the second, into forked venation, etc. 



Leaves are simple or compound. They are cordate, lan- 

 ceolate, deltoid, needle-shaped, ovate, reniform, palmate, 

 pedate, pinnate, unequal, alternate, regular and irregular, 

 bipinnate, tripinnate, etc. Leaves have stipules, stings, 

 Bcales, pubescence. 



The complete flower consists of calyx, corolla, stamens, 

 and pistils. The first two are called floral envelopes; the 

 last, essential organs. When the calyx and corolla are both 

 present, the flower is dichlamydeous ; when one is want- 

 ing, monochlamydeous ; when both are wanting, achlamy- 

 deous. 



The manner in which the petals are situated in the bud 

 is called their aestivation or praefloration. When they fit 

 by their edges, they are called volvate ; when the outermost 

 pieces cover the margin of the inner, imbricate ; when each 

 overlaps the other in a spiral manner, contorted or twisted. 

 Each division of the corolla is called a petal; when the 

 corolla is entire, monopetalous ; when divided, polypetalous. 

 A monopetalous corolla maybe salver-shaped, funnel-form, 

 campanulate, trumpet, etc. Polypetalous corollas may be 

 liliaceous, cruciform, rosaceous, and caryophyllaceous. Ir- 

 regular corollas are labiate, lingulate, and papilionaceous. 



The essential organs are the stamens and pistils. The 

 stamens consist of filiment, anther, and pollen. If the 

 stamens are inserted upon the pistil, it is epigynous; under 

 the germ, hypogynous ; if around, perigynous. 



In the center of the flower is the pistil. This consists 

 of the germ, style, stigma. The ovary, if placed above the 

 calyx, is said to be superior; if below, inferior. When the 

 style is wanting, the stigma is said to be sessile. The 

 arrangement of the flower upon the branches and stems is 

 called their manner of inflorescence, and may be a spike, 

 head, raceme, corymb, umbel, ament, panicle, spadix, ver- 



