72 THE VEGETABLE WORLD. 
two subjects intended for approach grafting. Fig. 84 exhibits two 
subjects firmly attached by means of ligatures. 
In cleft grafting the trunk of a tree is cut through horizontally, 
and a vertical cleft is made in its centre some inches deep. Into 
this cleft the branch of a graft with several buds, and cut to the 
shape of the cleft, is inserted, which is closely in contact with the 
sides of the cleft. The cleft is then covered with mortar of some 
kind, and bound firmly together by means of cord. In Fig 85 we 
have these successive operations represented. Cleft grafting is — 
operated successfully both on the trunks and roots of trees. By its 
means the horticulturist changes with advantage the products of 
trees of the same species, making the head bear fruit and flowers 
other than those belonging to the principal stem. In fact, they. 
restore the,vigour and sweetness of youth to a tree already aged 
and exhausted. 
Prostrate pi t f Marsh Pennywort ( Hyd tyl 
S 
