250 THE VEGETABLE WORLD. 
called the cap (pileus). The whole then breaks through the volve, 
which is very soon dissolved.” 
A most formidable array of Fungales (Entophyta), which are 
parasites on man and living animals, can be produced. Still more 
numerous are those which infest fruits and vegetables. Smut im 
wheat, and other cereals, is produced by Uredo segetum ; rust, red 
gum, red rag, is produced by Uredo rubigo; mildew is caused by 
Puccinia graminis enlarging the stomato of the plant. The potato 
disease, which caused such distress in many quarters of the globe a 
few years ago, is due to the attack Botrytis infestans ; the spores of 
which, according to Berkeley, are supposed to enter the stomato of 
the leaves, causing disease in them, which afterwards extends to the 
tubers. The dry-rot in timber is another form of Fungi. 
Fries, whose great work is the foundation of most of the modern 
arrangements of this immense family, separates them into four 
great divisions, which he calls Cohorts, and each of these he again 
divides into four sub-orders, distinguished by the following 
characteristics :— 
PLES. 
Conort, CHARACTERISTICS, SUB-ORDERS. Brae 
Having a Hy- : Hymenium on un- Agaricus. 
(meniuan or aus I. Pileati. der side. 
ing into a fructi-| 5, Elvellacei Hymenium on Up- | vorchilla. 
fying membrane, - per sid both 
which the ‘ Hymenium on Clavaria. 
I. HYMENoMYcETES. ; spores or seeds | HT. Clava {sides 
. oppo yen 
ns) or a@ trans- nan fseert 
| Parent simple case | oF founded ih mem- }Dacrymyses- 
4 IV. Tremellini, j 
bo holly. Texture | braneous or gelati- } 
= ous. 
' 
bs by rent I. Spheeriacel. \ at ernel Even \ 
d en- IL. Phacidiacei Kernel filled | Gjnangium- 
cnn a kernel- ee ak 
II. PYRENOMYCETEsS. ding asci. Tex. 
Kernel filled with iene” 
ci. Tex- b es 
jie ai slightly cel- , 1. Cytisporei. 
the str 
stroma “Kernel filled with yriuml. 
or the receptacle | IV. Xylomacei. J naked spore cases, and ¢ Actinot = 
ewhat fila- dry. 
pittehang ) ‘ 
matt ingrecenadel 
I, Angrogastres. distine 
A. Perk 
agony i oak 
up the fun at| II. Trichospermi. 
Tit. — first, _ nd contain a3 
ng 
Spore cases naked | Sclerodermia- 
essay Ses pone a dis- 
rom 
8 ie pore cases Losigee nario. 
having no org TIL. Trichodermacei. eb by filaments 
ure cellular, 
IV. Saleratiacei. {merc 
Ble fh a Chetomium. 
