354 THE VEGETABLE WORLD. 
the female flowers remain stationary during one year of their 
appearance, and do not complete their evolutions till the autumn 
of the second year. 
The Spanish Oak (Q. Hispanica) bears its branches erect ; leaves 
nearly evergreen, lanceolate, and acute, and finely serrated ; dark 
green on the upper side, glaucus green on the under surface. 
Bark thickly cortical, and top shaped with shaggy, prickly, spread- 
ing scales. This tree grows in Spain and Algeria, and is found 
in some of our nurseries under several synonyms. 
Besides these species there is the Austrian Oak (Q. Austriaca) 
found in Hungary and Lower Austria; the prickly capped Valonia 
(Q. Aigelops), which grows in the Morea, valuable for its acorns, 
which are largely imported for tanning purposes; and various 
Oaks, the produce of the mountains intervening between India and 
Asia Minor. Of the species which Dr. Royle found in the 
Himalayas, most of them are too tender for acclimatisation with 
us, but some cf them are beautiful trees. 
The American Oaks are numerous in species, but their timber 
is by no means of the same value as their European congeners. 
The White Oak (Q. alba) produces sweet acorns and excellent 
timber, some specimens in the American forest attaining the 
height of seventy or eighty feet. The Chestnut-leaved Oak 
(Q. prinus) is cultivated in all the nurseries and under eight or 
ten synonyms. It isa handsome tree, with broad bright-green 
foliage, but its timber is light and porous. The Black Oak (@. : 
tinctoria) is a native of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Pennsy aw @ 
where it attains a great size, with large handsome ovoid leaves, 
downy beneath, which become dull, red, or yellow in the autumn. © 
The tree is more appreciated for its colouring properties than . 
its timber, the latter being coarse-grained; but its mmmer bat 
abounds in a yellow dye of great brilliancy, known as Quereitron, 
which is much sought after. The Live Oak (Q. wivens) is § ¢ 
valuable timber tree, which grows in the Southern States of ba 
Union, growing on the shores of the creeks and bays. Tt 16 
heavy, compact, fine-grained wood, with coriaceous, oblong leaves; 
eath; acorns — 
obtuse at the base, clothed with starry down ben 
oblong, and said to be sweet tasted. 
Many species of Oak are found on the high lands of Mexico and 
