464 THE VEGETABLE WORLD. 
separate petals, occur, but they are rare. Lateral affinities occur, 
which render the separation of the various groups a subject of 
very minute discrimination. 
Trees or shrubs, with opposite, sometimes pinnate, leaves, on aicho- 
tomous branches ; 
ore inferior ; corolla hypogynous ; four-cleft stamens, two or four, 
fre 
CCXXXVII. Oleacez. 
leaves; calyx five-parted; inferior corolla, on as five-cleft ; COXXXVITII. Solanacezx. 
stamens sid oe; axile Leacirh embry ternat 
Gapeue: or yecinees see in gon of gorse ons in abet 
calyx five-parted; corolla monopetalons ; stamens _- inserted in its 
; anthers and stigma consolidated into a colum 
CCXXXIX. Asclepiadacez. 
with alternate leaves, scabrous, cus. flowers in 
panics; calyx -inferior ; corolla monopetalous ; stamens five, free ; 
axile placente ; leafy c — edon, folded wong ei 
tbaceous plants or shrubs, iigeos alternate undivided or lobed ar 
t CCXL, Cordiacez. 
Herbaceous plan shrubs, usually twining; smooth or simply 
pubescent leaves, airrhate, non-stipulate ; howe axillary ; corolla ulacex. 
monopetalous gis = free, inserted in the base of the corolla COXLL. Convalv 
doubled up iaity cotyledon 
Leafless colourless parasites, with flowers in dense clusters; calyx 
inferior; corolla persistent ; stamens equal to segments of the CCXLII, Cuscutacezx. 
Herbaceous plants, opposite, occasionally alternate leaves ; calyx . 
inferior; corolla regular ; five-lobed stamens, free, five inse erted in CCXLIII. Polemoniacez. 
tube of corolla; axile placente; straight cotyledons. 
This important and numerous group includes a vast number of 
useful plants. Among the OrEacem we have the Common Olive, 
whose fruit and oil are alike valuable. The Ash (Fraxinus) is 
extremely abundant both in this country and America, and over 
the whole of Europe, the sap generated between the bark and the 
wood of /raxinus rotundifolia yielding the manna of the druggists. 
Tn the warm climates of Southern Europe this substance, which 
isa distinct principle called “ mannite,”” is also produced from the 
Common Ash (F. excelsior). The Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) } is also 
known to possess valuable febrifugal properties. 
The Lilac, Olive, and Ash trees are the most interesting plants 
of the Oleaces. Lilacs have regular and hermaphrodital flowers; 
their monosepalous calyx is four-lobed ; corolla four-cleft, mono- 
petalous, hypocrateriform, the tube of which is much elongated, 
and surrounded by a spreading, four-lobed limb; two stamens, 
having bilocular anthers opening from without by two longi- 
tudinal clefts, are inserted upon the tube of the corolla. Bae 
pistil is composed of a superior ovary, 8 surmounted by @ 
divided into two stigmatic branches. This ovary is two-celled, ie 
cell containing two suspended anatropal ovules. Fruit, a his a 
