GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS. 528 
slight and accidental exceptions. The Oaks, the Hazel, and 
Poplar are arrested at the sixtieth degree of latitude north; the 
Beech, the Ash, and the Lime at 63°; the Conifers grow up to 
67°; Barley and Oats can be cultivated up to the seventieth parallel 
Fig. 446. Norwegian Fjords. 
north. Spitzbergen, the most northerly island in Europe, situated 
between 76° 30’ and 81° north latitude, contains only ninety-three 
species of phanerogamous plants, belonging principally to the 
families of Graminex, the Myrtacex, a few Crucifere, Saxifrages, 
Ranunculaceee, and some Synantheracesw, Among these plants 
there is scarcely a single tree or shrub, but only an under-shrub,,. 
E'mpetrum nigrum, and two small creeping Willows. Some idea: 
of Norway, with its deeply intersecting fjords, may be gathered 
from the engraving; Fig. 446 
Mr. Charles Mavtins: the thsiainit Professor of the F aculty of 
i 
