PINE FAMILY. 21 



tudinal bands on the under surface, very short-petioled, ^U to 1% in. long, y> to 1 

 linewide; cones cinnamon or red-brown, long-oval and more or less pointed, 1% to 



3!o in. long, when open l 1 i to 1% in. thick; scales broad and rounded at apex; 

 bracts conspicuously exserted, broadly linear and bearing in the deep notch at 

 apex a Bpear-like point; seeds 3 lines long, almost as long as the wings; cotyle- 

 dons 5 to 8. — (P. douglasii Carr.) 



Moist mountain slopes, especially northward: Santa Lucia and Santa Cruz 

 ranges but absent from tin' Mt. Hamilton and Mt. Diablo ranges; occurs in 

 Marin Co. and is more or less frequent or even common in the North <'o;i^t 

 Ranges from Sonoma and Napa Valley northward; Sierra Nevada south to the 

 San Joaquin River. Most abundant and reaching its greatest size in the 

 crowded coast forests of Oregon. Washington and British Columbia where truly 

 gigantic trees are found. In these northern woods it is known to woodsmen 

 as Red Fir or Yellow Fir but when manufactured into lumber it is sold on the 

 market under the trade-name, "Oregon Pine." 



The two following genera have the bracts shorter than the scales: 



Picea Link. Spruce. Leaves sessile, jointed on the woody, peg-like base 

 which spreads at right angles to the branchlet; trunk bark marked by scars of 

 deciduous scales. P. sitchexsis Carr., Tideland Spruce, has very stiff, prickly- 

 pointed leaves and cones 2 to 4 in. long. — Mendocino Coast and northward to 

 Oregon and Washington, where it becomes a giant forest tree 10 to 20 feet 

 in trunk diameter. P. breweriaxa Wats., Weeping Spruce, with long, pendulous 

 cord-like branchlets; grows in the high Siskiyou Mts. 



Tsuga Carr. Hemlock. Leaves petioled, jointed on the woody base which is 

 somewhat decurrent on the branchlet; trunk fissured or smoothish, not scaly. 

 T. heterophylla Sarg., Coast Hemlock, has the leaves in flat sprays and cones 

 Vo to 1 in. long. — Mendocino Coast and northward, a forest tree 90 to 180 feet 

 high. T. mertexsiaxa Sarg., Mountain Hemlock, has the leaves spreading 

 around the branchlet and cones 1% to 3 in. long. — Subalpine in the Sierra 

 Nevada, a tree 20 to 90 ft. high. 



3. ABIES Link. Fir. 



Highly symmetrical trees of lofty stature, the branches in regular whorls and 

 ramifying laterally, forming flat sprays. Leaves linear, flat, thickened or 

 4-angled, whitened beneath, spreading in 2 opposite directions or even 2-ranked, 

 or more often curving upwards, leaving a smooth circular sear when they fall. 

 Catkins from axillary winter buds. Staminate catkins borne on the under side 

 of the branches, mostly in the upper half of the tree. Ovulate catkins erect, on 

 the upper side of the topmost spreading branches. Cones erect, maturing in 

 the first autumn, falling to pieces on the tree; scales thin, incurved at the 

 broadened apex; bracts often exserted. Seeds with resin vesicles; cotyledons 4 

 to 10. (The Latin name.) 



1. A. grandis Lindl. Lchvlaxd Fir. Forest tree 40 to 160 ft. high, the 

 trunk iy 2 to 4 ft. in diameter; leaves flat, 1 to 2 in. long, notched at apex, 

 dark lustrous green above and with a median channel, below with two white 

 bands separated by a ridge; cones long-oblong in outline, 2 1 {. to 4 in. long, 

 i 1% in. thick; scales with a broad rounded summit and narrow stalk-like 

 base, broader than long; bracts small, with a short awldike point set on the 

 roundish apex, C» as long as the scales; seeds drab-color, 4 1 ^ lines long with a 

 wing somewhat longer and twice as broad as the seed; cotyledons 6. 



Low hills or valleys near the sea: northern Sonoma, Mendocino, Humboldt 

 and Del Noi ad north to southern British Columbia. 



