CAMPANUIiACEAE. 399 



foliate; spikes 3 or 4 in. long; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, tapering 

 to the acute apex, 1 to 4 in. long; bracts of the spike with recurved tips. 



Abundant in low and waste lands about San Francisco Bay: Berkeley; 

 Alameda ; San Jose ; Marin Co. D. sylvestris Huds., Common Teasel, has 

 been reported at San Francisco; the bracts of its spikes have straight tips. 



2. SCABIOSA L. 



Large herbs with opposite leaves and the flowers in hemispherical heads 

 on long peduncles. Involucre of many distinct bracts. Involucel cylindrical, 

 not lobed. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, produced slightly beyond it and 

 bearing 5 long slender awns. Corolla inserted on the summit of the calyx- 

 tube, slender-funnelform or salverform, with 5 short equal lobes, the marginal 

 ones very much larger with the upper lobes much smaller than the lower. 

 (Latin scabiosa, meaning scurfy, the plant used for affections of the skin.) 



1. S. atropurpurea L. Motjbning Bride. Stems branching, 2 or 3 ft. 

 high; lowest leaves lyrate; upper leaves pinnately divided or the uppermost 

 oblong-lanceolate and coarsely serrate or the narrower ones disposed to be 

 entire; peduncles 8 to 12 in. long; heads l 1 /^ in. broad; flower black-purple 

 to pinkish white, the regular corollas 5 or 6 lines long; calyx-awns 3 lines long; 

 fruit an achene, enclosed in the persistent involucre and bearing the exserted 

 calyx-awns. 



Native of Europe, naturalized by waysides: Berkeley; Solano Co., etc. 



CAMPANULACEAE. Bell-Flower Family. 



Slender or small herbs with milky juice, alternate simple leaves and regular 

 complete flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb commonly 5-parted, 

 usually divided down to the ovary and persistent. Corolla 5-lobed or -parted, 

 inserted with the 5 stamens where the calyx becomes free from the ovary. 

 Ovary 2 to 5-celled; style 1, long, with 2 to 5 stigmas. Fruit a many-seeded 

 capsule. 



Capsule dehiscent on the side. 



Opening by small valves or circular perforations. 



Corolla more or less campanulate; ovary short and broad 1. Campanula. 



Corolla rotate; ovary somewhat elongated 2. Specularia. 



Opening by irregular fissures; ovary short and broad 3. Heterocodon. 



Capsule dehiscent at the apex within the calyx; ovary club-shaped 4. Githopsis. 



1. CAMPANULA L. Bell-flower. 

 Herbs with blue flowers. Calyx with 5 narrow lobes, its tube short and broad. 

 Corolla campanulate or nearly so. Filaments dilated at base. Stigmas and 

 cells of the ovary 3 to 5. Capsule short, opening on the side by 3 to 5 small 

 valve-like perforations. (Diminutive of Latin campana, a bell.) 



Perennials; style filiform, long-exserted; capsule openings near the middle or base. 



Style exceeding the campanulate corolla 1. C. linnacifolia. 



Style shorter than the narrowly campanulate corolla. 



Leaves sessile; corolla-lobes narrowly lanceolate 2. C. prcnanthoidcs. 



Leaves petioled; corolla lobes ovate-obloi.g 3. C. scouleri. 



Annuals; style included in the corolla; capsule urn-shaped, the openings just above the 

 middle 4. C. exigua. 



1. C. linnaeifolia Gray. Stem about 1 ft. high, slender, simple or spar- 

 ingly branched at summit; leaves ovate-oblong, crenulate except at base, 

 sessile or subsessile, % to % in. long, the margins retrorsely scabrous, as also 

 the angles of the stem; flowers few, solitary, the peduncles as long or much 

 longer; calyx-lobes lanceolate; corolla pale blue, 1% in. long; capsule globular. 



