390 Lake Wakatipu, New Zealand. [July, 
that have left it in many regular lines of terraces along the sides 
of the valley, which form a striking contrast with the angular 
crags and rocks that tower above them. 
At Kingston, which is situated at the southern extremity of 
the lake, a huge terminal moraine, composed of cyclopean masses 
of angular rock, has been thrown by the glacier directly across 
the valley, and now forms the shore of the lake. In this con- 
fused mass of rocks we have indisputable evidence that here for 
a long time stood the terminal face of the glacier, which ended 
abruptly, as is common with glaciers at the present day, and 
formed a wall of ice from cliff to cliff. The reason why glaciers 
end so suddenly, and are thus enabled to form terminal moraines, 
lies in the fact that they are flowing from higher to lower and 
consequently warmer regions, and must eventually reach a point 
where the warmth is sufficient to melt the ice of which they are 
composed, although in many instances this limit is not attained 
until the glacier enters the sea. The rocks which form the ter- 
minal moraine at Kingston were once the lateral moraines on the 
surface of the glacier, which, as the stream moved on and was 
melted away, were carried over its terminal face — just as trees 
and blocks of ice are carried over Niagara —and were left in 
the confused mass that we find them. 
Some idea of the time required for this truly hereulean task 
of valley-making may be gathered from the fact that the average 
motion of the Swiss glaciers can be taken at about twelve inches 
a day, or one mile in fourteen and one half years. At this rate a 
block of stone falling upon the surface of the glacier of Lake 
Wakatipu near its source at Mt. Earnslaw, would require more 
than a thousand years to reach its final resting-place in the ter- 
minal moraine at Kingston, which is only midway down the 
valley. This mighty mill, therefore, were it now in existence, 
could have made but a single turn since Christ was born at 
Bethlehem. 
As the warmth increased, the glaciers retreated to their present 
position around the summit of Mt. Earnslaw, leaving the var 
ley dammed up by the moraine at Kingston, and filled by the 
water formed by the melting of the ice. On the sides of the 
valley, in many places, huge blocks of stone were scattered, siml- 
lar to those in the moraine at Kingston. They also confe 
the rounded form of roches moutonnées on the low hills and knolls 
along the shores of the lake. Rye 
We have, therefore, in the valley of Lake Wakatipu a striking 
