394 A Cosmopolitan Butterfly. I. Its Birthplace. (July, 
it has not only crossed the equator, and colonized many of the 
islands of the Indian Ocean, but has founded a race beyond in 
Australia and New Zealand, and has reached many of the small 
islands lying off the coast of Spain and Africa, not to mention 
the questionable report of its presence on the Hawaiian islands 
and Tahiti, the affinities of whose populations are with the Old 
rather than with the New World. But this reply is not wholly 
satisfactory, although most writers in discussing its distribution — 
have assumed an Old World origin. 
To answer this query fairly, we must examine the distribution 
of the other species of the genus. At first we seem to gain little 
aid from this source, for we are perplexed by finding that another 
species, V. Atalanta, is also an inhabitant of two worlds, although 
confined almost exclusively to the north temperate regions of 
both, which seems a new complication; and, again, that the other 
species of the genus share between them nearly the entire globe. 
Thus in the Old World V. Indica is found in the region that 
bears its name; V. Dejeanii in the Malayan Archipelago ; y. 
Jtea in Australia and New Zealand (into which latter island it 
has probably spread from the former); V. Gonerilla in New 
Zealand ; V. Tammeamea in the Hawaiian Islands; V. Abyssinica 
in Northeastern Africa; and V. Hippomene in Southeastern 
Africa and Madagascar. While in the New World, V. Huntera 
is found in North America, east (and to a slight extent west) of 
the Rocky Mountains; V. Carye west of the Cordilleras from 
California to Chili; V. Myrinna in the tropics of South Amer- 
ica, east of the great mountain chain; and V. Terpsichore at the 
southern extremity of the continent. 
But the species of the genus Vanessa (and all the recognized 
forms are here enumerated) fall into two natural groups: one 
these contains such species as have upon the dark upper surface 
of the wings a conspicuous, bright-colored bow, crossing the mid- 
dle of the fore wings and skirting, somewhat narrowly, the border 
of the hind wings; while the other comprises forms on whose 
upper surface the bright colors (usually some shades of red) 
nearly or quite predominate, but are broken by the darker parts 
into irregular blotches on the fore-wings, and form the ground 
color of the entire outer half of the hind wings, so that all effect 
of the somewhat regular bow of the other group is lost. There 
are further differences between them; the species of the former 
group have the paronychia distinctly bilaciniate, as pointed out 
by Doubleday ; they have also the upper abdominal appendage 
