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eee haa il) TEE ER cies intel Me Oe D E EN EAE O 
1876.] Aquaria: Their Past, Present, and Future. 619 
wealthy Sir John Graham Dalyell, with the ocean almost at his 
door. Later on, in 1857-58, I set up another marine aqua- 
rium, in which the show-tank held twenty gallons, and the reser- 
voir five hundred gallons of water, in which that water, instead 
of being intermittently circulating, as in my jar and foot-pan 
arrangement, circulated constantly, day and night, by means of a 
pump and pipes, in a cool underground London cellar or kitchen, 
with a uniform temperature of about 60° F. This answered ex- 
cellently, especially when I increased the water in the reservoir 
to one thousand gallons. 
As the more air there is in the water the better it is, hence 
the value of large and therefore cool reservoirs. Independently 
of all this, however, the larger the bulk of water, and the more 
constant and vigorous the circulation and aeration, the less it 
will be sullied by the animals which live in it. In the Crystal 
Palace Aquarium we have in the show-tanks twenty thousand 
gallons of sea-water, and in the reservoir one hundred thousand 
gallons, total one hundred and twenty thousand gallons, supplied 
by Mr. W. Hudson in 1870. Yet in this comparatively small 
quantity of unchanged fluid we have, from September, 1871 to 
March 31, 1876 (four and a half years), given to the animals in 
it the following enormous quantity of food without the water 
being otherwise than always sparklingly clear : — 
1. Sandhoppers (Talitrus), in pounds weight 12 
2. Shrimps (Crangon), in quarts 4735 
3. Crabs (Carcinus), in gallons 137 
“ (Cancer), large, “ numbers 1450 
4. Scallops (Pecten) large, in numbers 32 
5. Oysters (Ostrea) a : 2195 
6. Cockles ( Cardium), in gallons 18 
7. Mussels (Mytilus) A ee 
: in gallons 
8. Whelks (Buccinum) i i Aon me 
9. Fish, chiefly Whiting (Gadus), in pounds weight 3159 
10. Smelts’ roe ( Osmerus s 14 
“ 
— 
— 
- Green sea-weed (Ulva), purchased fate 
‘see nferva), grown in tanks, quantity unknown. 
And, in addition, we obtain occasional and unrecorded supplies 
from neighboring fishmongers when the regular supply runs 
ort. Of this animal food, all but the denominations nine and 
ten are kept alive in a series of reserve tanks till the moment of 
being eaten. Scarcely any uneaten food, and never any excre- 
Ment, is manually removed ; but all which is not consumed by 
the animals ig chemically dissipated, without filtering, by the 
normous volumes of air constantly being injected into every 
