694 General Notes. [ November, 
New Guinea and the neighboring islands, upon the Wetzikon sticks, and 
upon recent anthropological works which have appeared. 
Professor Paolo Mantegazza contributes to Archivio a sixteen-page 
article upon the expressions of grief. 
The subsection of anthropology was organized by the American As- 
sociation at Buffalo, with Lewis H. Morgan as chairman and Otis T. 
Mason as secretary. Professor Morse, in his address before Section B, 
alluded to the eminent labors of Morton, Wyman, and others in special 
fields, and the list might be multiplied by adding the names of many liv- 
ing and dead, who, in America, have added materially to the progress of 
anthropology. The aim of the subsection of the American Association 
is to bring the authors of these researches together, and to make them 
better acquainted. It is earnestly hoped that the meeting to be held next 
year at Nashville will be crowded with anthropologists, specialists in the 
various fields of descriptive and deductive anthropology of extinct and 
extant races, in every part of its three divisions, of man,.environment, and 
culture. — O. T. Mason. 
GEOLOGY AND PALÆONTOLOGY. 
PALÆONTOLOGY AND THE DoctRINE OF Descent. — In an essay 
on the Pliocene fresh-water shells of Southern Austria, by Dr. Neumayr 
and Herr Paul, the authors describe numerous modifications of the genus 
Vivipara or Paludina, which occur in prodigious abundance through- 
out the whole series of fresh-water strata. Of this genus there are forty 
distinct forms (Dr. Neumayr very properly hesitates to call them all 
species) which are named and described in this monograph, and between 
which, as the authors show, so many connecting links, clearly illustrating 
the mode of derivation of the newer from the older types, have been 
detected. The authors, remarks Mr. J. W. Judd in Nature, have dem- 
onstrated that the species with highly complicated ornamentation were 
variously derived by descent — the lines of which are in most cases per- 
fectly clear and obvious — from the simple and unornamented Vivipara 
achatinoides of the Congerien-schichten, which underlies the Paludina 
beds. Some of these forms have been regarded as types of a distinct 
genus (Tulotoma) by Sanberger. “And hence we are led to the con- 
clusion that a vast number of forms, certainly exhibiting specific distint- 
to be 
tions, and, according to some naturalists, differences even entitled 
regarded as of generic value, have all a common ancestry.” 
Ice-MARKS IN NEWFOUNDLAND. — In the second part of his a 
on Ice and Ice Work in Newfoundland, in the Geological Magazin’, 
Professor J. Milne says that “the island itself, its principal bays, ™ 
mountains, its lakes and rivers, its lines of igneous protrusions, 11S sti 
grooves and scratches, and the general strike of the rocks, which, as Was 
shown by Jukes, may in part account for the tendencies of the om” 
features, have all been shown to trend from about 27° east of north to 
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