16 



FOREST AND STREAM, 



[August t<, 13S0. 



we *ill not tiiko advantage of the fact twa enter upon an argu- 

 ment (}(()!(( o!ifra»<cc, liut Indicato the line of thought by whioh 



TTCarriVeat nilr .■r,„..r„5i„r,u 



Two thing?':- n. howsvcr. Wo cannot blame Mr. 



Archer for ml. -i and iar-nlilying " r'on-t'V with 



" stabiaiy." \v ,, "i ■■ power" as ir iBjr.Mierally nnder- 



siooil among- .v.'ir!it=men here, as synonymous wirli '•raoinr-n- 

 tum," thoug-h in technical parlance there is no counco- 

 tion between the tivo, " power" among: naval artliitiHj iiKsiain? 

 ''Etabillty," something altogether dllTerent from " moracntnni." 

 LUce Mr. Archer, we ure verj lur from counsolUng "siability " as 

 a basis of meiusureraent. It is so clearly the outconio of mode!, 

 a.nd therefore something that should not be tared, that wo have 

 always set our foot upon anything like measurement by sail area, 

 t)y area of water line, or the Thames rule, all of which arc indices 

 of a ressel's stability. AVe beliere Mr. Kemp once published a 

 table of sail at-eu:; showing- how nearly the Thames rule measuies 

 Btabilily, b^Dcoth.-abnormiil totuleiicy among the modern cut- 

 ters to dfcrriiMO I heir staliility, and eoiiscjuently their measure- 

 ment, in proportion to size, by dcdncting from beam and adding 

 more rapidly to untaxed eize and momentum than to stability by 

 ■anerease of length . We believe with Mr. Archer that the modern 

 cutter, though posseesing undeniably good ciualities in the most 

 important diretti'-jns, is not the best type of vesiel for the money 

 Invested, except when Ea!ling under the rule of measurement 

 ■which bus fuvorcd their production so strongly, and that under a 

 more eijniiiible rule more moderate forma would come to the 

 fore, especiallj wliero speed Is expected. In the three ciumples 

 given and in the following phrase Mr. Archer strikes the key note 

 of the weakness of measurement by three dimensions pure and 

 simple: " Tlio influence of length, breadth and depth in enabling 

 a vessel to iret over the ground Ls very dilTerent not only in de- 

 gree, but in kind, and any formula In which the three dimensions 

 have the same lunction necessarily offers a direct encouragement 

 to extend that dimension which is of most value for increasing 

 the potentiaiitj- of speed." This Is inoontrovertiblo and this 

 danger wc had foreseen all along. To obviate It we desired to 

 have the tbioi' dimension rule so modified as to make It virtually 

 the Thjimes rule minus the bad features. TTe proposed the adop- 

 tion of '■ Etiindai-d depths " for measurement purposes, such 

 depths to di'iJi'nd upon a conBideraiion of the other two chief di- 

 mensions, .-iucli a step would at once remove the tendency to 

 build shallow vesrels on one hand, and on the other would de- 

 prive the designer of any incentive to extravagantly narrow 

 craft, as the r. K. A. or Thames rule now does by making what 

 wc ma., fairly cull its "standard deidb " dependent upon only 

 ■one of the remaining two, thereby checking on one and stretch- 

 ing the other. But knowing the ditlloulty of moving great 

 bodies, especially when disorganized, as the American yachting 

 public still is, wc deemed it advisable for the time to drop press- 

 ing the point for fear of wrecking the whole scheme at the out- 

 set by complications which the general public is neverfon-d of. 

 On the principle that half a loaf is bettor than none at all. we 

 hoped that after the three dimension rule had once become gen- 

 erally adopted, it would have been an easy matter to induce the 

 Jinal (Step of substituting standard depth and avoid the eonstruo- 

 lion of types which otter no inducemcul; to other phases of the 

 sport than racing. Ce ii'est gt« (e premier pas rjui eoute.. 



However, these arc side issues. We will attempt to lay our 

 course of reoioaing in the matter before the reader in concise 

 form. 



We take It for granted at the outset that races are sailed as a 

 test of model, and that the object of granting time is to allow a 

 -fair test between yachts dlilering in some Initial advantage due to 

 Tiatural causes, and whicli arc not the result of artifice or form. 

 Eliminating extraneous, irrelevant disturbances, let us consider a 

 series otraces between two yachts, A and B, in all their variations. 

 A and Bare supposed to be built on e.xaelly the same lines, but A 

 the larger of the two. In a fair race A wtll outsail B. The dis- 

 tance between them at the flniah represents the value of the dif- 

 ference in sizt between A and B, and is the amount which A 

 should allow B in order to bring about un equitable test of their 

 jnodels. Beiug exactly alfko, they should at the end of our"theo- 

 i-etical race" be placed oven at Ihe finish, and this the time al- 

 lowed B should exactly accomplish. The distance which A has 

 outsailed B is not due to the difference of length in her favor, tor 

 beam and depth have been incrensed in the same ratio and the 

 canvas as well. In other words, wlidc the resistance may have 

 been douliled, the propelling power has only been increased in 

 exactly the same ratio, and icirc it mil for some virtue entirely Ui- 

 aepeudent of linear dime}iiii}iu), verse, the yacht A would clearly 

 sail no faster thin her smaller sister B. Why, then, has A beaten 

 her? 



This is the answer. Upon the assumption that A Is twice as 

 long, twice ii3 Wide and twice as deep as B, she will experience 

 /our times the rcaistunce of B, but her size, diplacemeut, and 

 therefore momentum, will be cia/d times that of B. It is in this 

 fWiUr increase in sr/.e and momentum iu proportion to resistance, 

 that wo have the reason of A's outsailing B, and in this only. 

 Hence a theoretically correct table of time allowance should bo 

 constructed upon the value found in practice to attach to various 

 differences of momentum. The fact of A's length being greater 

 than that of B is purely incidental, and to it alone none of the 

 excess of speed over B is to be ascribed. Building time tables 

 upon length is confounding cause and effect. 



Further, that length is a deceptive criterion,- will appear from 

 the following : Instead of A being built on the lines of B, assume 

 her to bo shorter, but yet of greater size— a very likely assump- 

 tion. A length measurement would saddle B with a penally, 

 jvhereas from the foregoing it appears that the natural advantages 

 flowing from greater size are in possession of A, and the latter is 

 the subject for a just tax. Let them sail a i ace as a test of model. 

 Again let us suppos-;! A wins. The amount by which she has won 

 iseertiinly noi an exhibit of the superiority of her shape, pure 

 and simple, foi -he bus been aided to i\ certain degree by [he mo- 

 '(inentum due to her excess of s zc over B. To justly wei^fh the 

 worth of their models, then, an allowance must be nuide by A to 

 B. Tliia amount, Bubtractcd from the total distance A has out- 

 sailed B, will represent (he sujieriority of the model A. 



Should nothing remain after the subtraction has been per- 

 formed, it indicates that the tpeed of A and B is exactly ahke, 



It "less than nothing" remains: In other words, if Ihesubtrae- 

 lion cannot be performed, it proves ttat after eliminating the 

 natural advimtagc of superior size, and bringing the two down to 

 one level in that respect, A is not only not faster than B, but 

 glower by just the amount by which the subtraction cannot be 

 performed, or what in algebra would be known as a minus quan- 

 tity. 



In each of the previous eases, allowances on length would have 

 brought about exactly the wrong conclusion, and would have 

 handed the pri-/.e to the wrong vessel, that i» to the slowermodel, 

 or at least modltled the verdict so much as to rob it of its vaue 

 to naval architects. This is exactly what wo see in America 

 jevety day, yrbete iatetiot modeU win prizes time and again ow- 



ing to time allowance on length working Just the wi'ong waj', 

 making a vessel of moderate form pay to one of greater tonnage 

 but of less length, yet inferiopiu all other desirable attributes of 

 a good vessel. 



One thing more. We may have used thctermsslzo and momen- 

 tum as inter-convertible. Above .Mr. Archer points out the differ- 

 euco between the two, where he instances the rubber bull and bul- 

 let. Wo have, in advocaiing a " ihrcc dimension role," taken no 

 notice of this difference, because a given size of vessel will ena- 

 ble the designer to settle upon a given displacement to produce 

 momentum to the extent he prefers, large or .small, and the re- 

 sult he is prepared to abide by. Hence, if on a given size the dis- 

 placement is too large or too small, it is an element of design in- 

 tentionally executed upon the problem as a whole. Size is the 

 original standard from whicli he works and which places within 

 his grasp a certain possible speed. What he manages to produce 

 Trom that size is model, and must sail on its own merits, varying 

 dl-splacements included. 



In order to meet the chief objection against bulk measurement 

 made by those who in Iheir haste condemn the seeming Incon- 

 gruity of taxing it when perhaps actually retarding speed by 

 faulty looniion, wc offer tho following for consldernUou. Bulk 

 is taxed for SU quantity in tho rule, and not at all for its posiHun. 

 Tho objection urged does not hold good therefor. Its position 

 always remains optional with the builder. If he puts it where it 

 may actually be hurtful to speed, it is a matter of model, and if 

 the boat is beaten she is beaten owing to her poor model, which 

 is no reuBou at all why iuetiultythehuiidor should beexempi from 

 paying for the greater momentum he has had the use of over the 

 whole course, and which, as explained above, is at all times the ne- 

 cessary uccompaniment of an excess of bulk, Inespeclive ftUo- 

 gether of Its location in the model. To make this still plainer, 

 let us apply it to an example. It A is larger and of poorer model 

 than B, the latter may outsail A. To obtain a truthful estimate 

 of the worth of their models for speed, it is certainly clear that 

 we must in equity eliminate the excess of momentum which A 

 possesses, due to her excess of bulk. Only when this has been 

 done, when A has been shorn of such natural advantage, wid the 

 models have been placed on an equal basis, and the actual supe- 

 riority in shape of B laid bare. To effect this in practice, an al- 

 lowance of rime deduced from practical cljservution must be 

 given by A to D. The sum total ot this allowimce, added to the 

 recorded victory ot B, will represent the true gauge of B's supe- 

 riority ot shape or model, which was the aim of liio race in the 

 first place. This is the rock that most split on, but we trust that 

 after a thorough digestion of the foregoing it will be clear why a 

 ve.s8el should pay for excess of bulk, no matter where found, and 

 why such payment is in no wise taxing model, but simply the 

 attainable momentum, the only natural advantage which is in- 

 herent to and \-aries with size, independent entirely of what form 

 it may be put into. 



A bulk measurement is the only one devised which Is oon-ect iu 

 theory, and which leaves the modeller absolutely unfettered in 

 choice of such shapes as will be most conducive to the aims he 

 has In view. When it is deemed de.=iirable to so frame tho rule as 

 to encourage a particular kind of model, it can be submitted to 

 Umitationaas rcquirel, with less departure from equity and logic 

 than any other, and with no liability to produce what Is not 

 wanted or what was not expected. 



Tax size and you reach the bottom, beyond which no one can 

 obtain any natural inherent advantage not accounted and paid 

 for at the start in the shape of time allowance. 



In practice you may then modify the rule to the extent neces- 

 sary to produce the most Ecrviccabie type ot yacht. 



Ocean Passaoes.— From our c 

 Lc Ynrlit, weclipthe following 

 made by Anierican yachts:— 



IMI, America, schooner, 170 tons, New York to Havre, 21 days. 



l-3.)3, fyh'ia, sloop, 105 tons, New York to Havre, 18 days 33 

 hours. 



1857, Charter Oak, sloop, 33 tons. New York to liiverpool. 



1858, Christopher Columbus, sloop, 15 tons. New York to Cowes, 

 45 days. 



I6li.i, Gipsy, schooner, 135 tons, New Y''ork to Queenatown, 19 

 days. 



ISSfl, -"Mice, sloop, 27 tons, Boston to Cowes, 19 days. 



ISiili, Henrietta, schooner, 305 tons, Sandy Hook to Cowes, 13 

 d-ays31 hours 53 minutes. 



IStiU. Fleotwlug, schooner, 20ii tons. Sandy Hook to Cowes, If 

 days hours 10 minutes. 



]86«, Vesta, schooner, 201 tons, Sandy Hook to Cowes, 14 days 8 

 hours .50 inimues. 



IMS. Sappbo, schooner, 274 tons. New York to Cowes, 14 days. 



]86a, iSnppho, schooner, 3U1 tons. New York to Queenstown, 12 

 days 9 hours aii minutes. 



]Sti9, fiauntlcBS, schooner, 2«S tons. New York to Cowes, 13 days 



17 hoi 



■s8 n 



IStiO, Meteor, schooner, 293 tons. New Y^ork to Cowes. 



1571, Enchantress, schooner, 2r,3 tons. New York to Gibraltar. 

 1872. Sappho, schooner. 310 tons. New York to (Jowes, IS days. 



1572, Dauntless, schooner. 28S tons. Now Y'ork to Cowes, 33 days. 

 1S"2, Enchanu-ess, schooner, 353 tons, New York to Cowes, 33 



days. 



ISra, Faustine. schooner, 95 tons, New York to Cowes, 18 days. 



1S74, Viking, .schooner, l.i7 tons, New York to Cowes, 30 days. 



im>. Intrepid, schooner, 3;0 tons. New York to Cowes, 31 days. 



Sappho made the fastest run In 13 days 9 hours and 3i) mtiules. 



The Charter Ouk. Columbus and Oipsy were sold abroad, and the 

 Meteor was lost uti 'I"ripoli. 



Lancashire Witch.— From the San Francisco Call : The English 

 steam yacht Lancashire Witch, Sir Thomas Hesketh, oivner, re- 

 turned from her northern trip on July 10th. The Witch sailed 

 from Cowes, January 14th, 187U, arrived at this port March l.sth 

 last, and left on the ICth of April, proceeding to Victoria and Na- 

 naimo, remaining in tho latter place a day to coal. Krnm Sanaimn 

 she sailed and steamed t>. K...o.,-. .-.,,,:, r.t rhr. n,i..i..r-.ii- i^i inii- .ir 



Alaska, where a week v.- - • . i -i ■. i , m i '. ■ ■,,:-■, 



Inlet, where ice prevei; 



tiiiio wasspcnt in humn. : 



visited, inmt Ashing beii 'i. i - ,.iiu-. i.;. ni. ;■.!;,(■. it, .-. 



Btaned out on a bear hunting exijeduion, wit a proi-i-ioiis tor one 

 day, and w js ice-lockedin the buy for live days. He nearly starved 

 to death, and was finally obliged to subsist on seaweed, which he 

 emphatically declares is anything but a palatable dish. ChigmU k 

 ^chedon the loth ot M..v. >ie ' ' ' ' 



Fran. 



_irgc brown bear 

 ,nd Mr. Sadler peuetr 

 1 the yacht wa 



iiids, when: 



n-ful V 



.Muller. Brio 



lug bears, wali 



and cod hsh. '1 1 



relief ship Thoi-. 



days prior to lij^ 



was tne last point - _ 



Sun Francisco in the excellent 



several rcJndeer 



_~|i. , - 1 Im jfias Hesketh, Mr. 

 I ; Ulterior, and upon 



jM . - r. another of the 



:,i li-'!' v,.,-. r,M-..ijntered. At Port 

 I luyed some excellent .sport catch- 

 ■ loiis quantity of salmon, haliliut 

 •t St. Paul were then visited. The 

 lift St. Paul on June 5ih,u few 

 e Lancashire Witch, fluuaiaska 

 which porcthe yaeht sicnmedto 

 d 11 days, having to contend 

 s pro- 



against very bad weather. The Witch will in a t 

 ceed to Mouterey and other southern ports, and the ^cum ^-j 

 San Francisco, where she will be refitted preparatory to heJ 

 cruise to ih.- South Seas and home. 



— Slitirl.-.? are. unusually plenty in New York Bay this 

 season, tnauN' of thetu even running up into Newtirk Bay. 

 One measui-'ing nine feet was recently caught at the toot 

 of Bement avenue, West Brighton. 



—Spearing sturgeon is one of the sports of San Fran- 

 ciso Bay. A harpoon line is used, and the San Francisco 

 Bulletin deecribeB the sport aa exciting. 



^ttswurs tor tEms$\mUtWt$, 



^r"No notice taken of Anonymous Communications. 



Pot Huktijr, New Bedford, Mass.— Send us your name and we 

 will bo happy to publish your letter. 



Hai.i., Syracuse, N.Y.— You will -and the "Bull Frog"song In 

 the college song book, Carmina CoHcflionn, wo think. 



T. W., Handolidi, Mass.— For pn5.sage to Florida on safUngTos- 

 SBls write to Wai-ren Itny & Co.. 63 South street, N. T. Theyiwi a 

 regular line otschooners to Jacksonville. 



C. B., New Hampton, N- Y.— The open season for woodoiiok in 

 New York began Aug. 1st, with the exception of Oneida and 

 Herkimer counties, where the season does not open until Sept.lst. 



M.tss, It. .1.— Will the person sending us a letter from Doslou 

 dated July 37th and signed •• Mass, R. A.," kindly send his pnipcr 

 mime, as the article is ot too aer'.ous a nature to publisti anony- 

 mously? 



M- W., Hoboken, N. J.— Is there any law prohibiting rail shoot- 

 inir inthe Stateof Newl^ork, and especially on Long Island ? 1 

 can 11 nd none mentioned. Ans. No mention of tho birds Is made 

 in the law. No sora shooting to be had on Long IslautL 



F.B.H., Elmira, N. V.-For government and railroad lands in 

 Iowa and Minnesota, write to Chiis. E.Simmou5,Supt. Land Ue.pt, 

 Chicago and Northwestern iiailwny,4l5 Broadway, N. Y., and to 

 the Commissioners of Immigration of the reapeelivo Stales. 



PbuviBK, Boston, Mass.— How would you load a medium ohoko 

 lOgauge gun, giving- size of shot, for fall plover, ut sixty yards ? 

 How for coot? Ans. It is impossible to answer such a question 

 as yours. Give the weight of gun. For plover use 8 shot; for 

 coots. 3 or 4. 



W. S S., PottsviUe, Pa.— Your setter is out of oonaition. A 



did course of sulphur, followed by 2gr3. of quinine three timea 



day tor a week, may do good. Write result. Wc make no 

 cbarge for treatment of dogs through this oolumu, and are pleasc-d 

 when WB can be ot service to our ti-icnds. 



A.M. It., Clearfield, Pn.-l. T.. ■■:1i;;r pi,intDf the compass is It 

 best to face a target f 01 ;:; , lir.g? S. What substance 



isustdat Creedmoor t -r I i . inivets and marking off tho 



bullet marks? Ans. 1. ii i. ::, -i; ! behind tho backs of tho 

 shooters. 3. Whiting for -sOiite; lamb-black for black. .Water or 

 stale beer to ml.x. 



J. n.E., Northumberland, Pa.— My setter bitch h«8 been slcik, 

 Her bluddermust be affected, as the water drops from her. Uer 

 no.se keeps hot and her tongue is an uuufttural color. Please ad- 

 vise me what to do for her. Am. Open her bowels freely with 

 castor oil, and give her ten drops ot tincture of iron in a little 

 water three times a day. 



E.G., Albany, N. Y.— Nothing as yet has been deHiiltely ar- 

 ranged about sending an Amerieau cricketing team to England 

 nextyciir. But the matter is being seriously considered by the beat 

 exponents ol' the giuiie, iind wc sincerely trust the venture will 

 bo carried out while the Newhalls and men of their olaas are in 

 their prime. 



W. S. H , Lewisberry, Pa.— Can you tell mo what to bait with 

 to catch fall fish, and how to flsh for them ? Also, how to '' skitter" 

 with frog, minnow or pork bait? What is the Utler? Ans. For 

 "fall Bsh" bait with worm or piece or lish, use Uoat and fish at 

 middle depth; they take tly at all times. To skitter well, the line 

 should be Imt a trifle longer than the rod, the bail is cast and by a 

 movement of the rod sideways it is made to skip or '■skitter" like 

 a fish trying to escape on tho siirfaee, A pork bait is simply a 

 piece of salt pork. 



W. A. K., Fort Hamilton.— My red Irish setter puppy, seven 

 months, has a continuous Jerking and twitching of the muscles 

 and joints. Her hind quarters are so weak from this that they 

 frequently give way under her. She Is otherivise well, lively and 

 has a good appetite. The nervous, jerking movements followed 

 what 1 supposed to be a severe attack of distemper. Ans. The 

 chorea ot distemper Is very dilficult to cure, ijuiiune and nux 

 votnica seem to bo tho two best remedies. Two grains ot the 

 former and one-eighth to one-quarter of a grain of the latter 

 three times a day. 



W., Unionville, Conn.— Will you inform me wher e to lind in- 

 formation regarding the carp, what waters they thrive In, and 

 whore the young llsh can be procured? Ans. Tho reports ot the 

 United Stales Pish Commission give tho most complete intoruia- 

 tion on the carp. They thrive in warm ponds, frog ponds, etc., 

 where there are few other good fiah. Ihcy are vegetarians to u 

 great extent. You can get young ones from Prof. S. F. Baird, 

 United States Fish Comm fssioner, Washington, D. C. It would be 

 beat to make application to Uim through your member of Con- 

 grcPS. 



P. C, Bhinebeck, N. Y.— I have a foxhound, which I found on 

 my arrival home the other day to be very badly off. The trouble 

 seems to he conllned to the head, which, as far as appearances go, 

 looks all sound, no swelling or eruption of any kind, but there is 

 a dischai-ge from one nostril, which is quite offensi\-e. Ho also 

 seems to have some ditlicuity iu lueathing, and his appetite l3 

 gone. Canyon tell me what to do? Ans. The dog has, very 

 probably, what used to be called head distemper, and wiiich is olf 

 the epizootic form of the disease. Let him inhale the smoke of 

 Ijurning tur, and give him five grains of quinine night and morn- 

 ing lor lour or live days. Open his bowels With castor oil and 

 keep hiiu quiet ; ilict li«ht and nutritious. 



W. II. N., Ne'.Tark.- In a lille match -with rules of N. R, Aasooia- 

 tion to go-.eni, A B and C compete for prizes at 800, 9flO, and 

 1,000 yards. A used a hieeeh-louder, B and C muzzle-loading rifles- 

 During tho 1,000 yard siugc, A hud a •' miss-Dro," by reason of neg- 

 lecting to put any powder in his shell, exploding cap only. B fol- 

 lowed next, and after firing, found he had neglected to put a bul- 

 let in hi.'! gun. A and U each claim another shot, while C claims 

 each should be scored a miss. AalsochilmsB is not entitled to 

 another shot on ground that the gun " went off." Which is right f 

 Ans. C is right. A and B both are entirely wrong. A rifie going 

 off at firing point counts as a shot; ititgooff not at Aring-point, 

 the careless fellow should bo barred from the ground. 



W. H. W., Philadelphia.— I have a setter dog, four years old, 

 who has always been troubled with a whee-/,mg or asthmatic 

 cough. Of late it has becotne aggravated cusiderably. When 

 he starts to run, he coughs halt a dozen times ; it then eeases. If 

 tied, lugging at his collar will produce the barking or wheezing. 

 He lives In the house, but gets a run of from four to six miles 

 every day ; is in good condition for work at all times ; is fed from 

 the tiible, and receives many a little luxury. WIB yon please sug- 

 gest a remedy ? Ans. Hemove the luxuries and give a very plain 

 diet tor a time. Medicine is not likely to do any good unless It 

 be a mild purge. The condition you describe often follows au 

 attack of distemper.. 



