Dkosiibxh 16, 1880'^ 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



395 



of this fisU more difficult. The tunny lives exclusively in 

 the aea, but goestotlie coasts of the Mediterranean, particular- 

 ly to Sicily and Sardinia, to gpawii. The sea graylings as- 

 cend the rivers uf Spain and France in siicli numbers that 

 the water seems L-uvoied v.hh tijfu'-. 



The joiu-iirys of \hr lish in i-euuiiuiii Jj-orn tiii;ii' siJiiwniug- 

 places after spawning nre ijokliun porfornied in masses, but 

 individually and in sioaU groups, Tlie fish, which went up 

 fat and iu flue condition and Havor, wn exliaus(ed, lean :iad 

 weak. Not much is known of the luigi-ations of other fish 

 than the salmon during these journeys, for the fishermen pay 

 little attention to tlieni and they tlieref ore seldom come under 

 the observation of science. 



Next in onler of tiie migrii!i(.>ns are those of the young 

 brood from thsir .s]i r\VDiiii;-ii!:iCjfi. Tlie young lierriug du 

 not as a rule reniaiii lonL^cr riiun four or five niontlis where 

 tlrey are hatched. 'Ihoy I hen go down to tlic sea while tlie 

 young eels go from tfie sea up to tlie rivers about the 

 same 'time. The young horriuE are observed with great dif- 

 ficulty, for it recp.ures "a sidlled eye to perceive their minute, 

 trauspaient bodies in wnter that is in any degree disturbed; 

 but in pei-l'i-ctl',' slill water the schools iiuiv be seen moving 

 to and fro like' line decks of eloud. The salmon remain a full 

 year in the uiouaiuin-atreams, and do not gu down to the sea 

 till iJiey have become a vigorous, greedy fish of aljout a fin- 

 ger's length. 



Journeys iu search of food are not periodical or regular, 

 like tire previous migrations, or are only incidentally so. The 

 most important of them and the nearest Lo being periodical 

 are the visits of the Codfish to Newfoundlaud and the Loffo- 

 den islands, concerning which it is as yet not ccriain whether 

 they may not be conuected with piuposes of reprucluclion. 

 Schools of other smaller fishes appear along with the cod, a 

 Balmonid, tlie herring, and a number of siinids, whicli are all 

 alilte used by the fishermen as bait. The migrations of the 

 predatory fiah which follow llie other fisli in tlieir spawiung- 

 joumeys ualm-ally partake of the periodical character of 

 those iouriieys ; the fish that pursue the herring follow them 

 into the fiirliirriiiosl corners of the b;ivs to which tlicv resort. 



The aulmnnal visits of m;ickeiul to the Gulf of Kiel aie of 

 partieuhii' interest. They do not take place every yttii-, and 

 nrenotolien marked by very great numbers, but they have 

 attracted attenlion since 1634,' when they were dcscriljpd by 

 Sclionevelde, on accomit of the peculiar character of the food 

 that attracts the flsli. The Gulf of Kiel is visited in August 

 and tipptember by great numbers of the 'iMumaunta., whicli 

 fill its waters, perform their reproductive duties, and perish 

 on its shores, leaving hardly a trace of then watery li?sues 

 Dehind. In tlieir mawa swarm numerous individuals of a 

 moderately large paraailio crab, and it is for the sake of these 

 that the luackerel throng in the bay, attack the Medime, and 

 consume them. Mackerel feeif upon mitiute crustaceans, 

 chiefly fiopepods, which swarn) on Ihe surface of thi! water 

 and often cover it, and follow tliem hiilier and thither as 

 they are carried about by the curreuts. 



The nuntber of fish which lead an irregidar, vagabond life 

 is not inconsiderable. Foremost among them are the sliarks, 

 which, singly or ill amall companies, will follow a shi]) for 

 days at a time in order to snap np whatever may be thrown 

 overboard from it. Tlicy are often acconipanici] bv the pilot- 

 fish, wliich has a pccnliai ly strong seuse for food of all kinds, 

 and directs the shark, is protcetcd by him, and gets a share 

 of the spoil. Other foi midalilc fish, misocial in their liabits, 

 Vieing scattered over the ocean, are less accessible to science. 



When more than the usual nuuiber of fish go up to spawn, 

 the number offish pm-suingtliem islikely to lie also increased. 

 It sometimes happens thus, that species of bsli « hieh have 

 not commonly followed the schools are attracted to them b^' 

 the extraordinary abundance of food, and find their way to 

 places where they were liefore imknowu. Many fish are 

 found in opposite quarters of the globe. The Trwfiurm 

 trachurv^, of tlic mackerel family, inhabits South American 

 and Australasian as well as British waters. The sprat, com- 

 mon in the North European seas, has lieen disco I'ered near 

 the coasts of Tasmania^ and thus lives at (liamr-irically op- 

 posite points, while it has never open ob.served in the inter- 

 vening seas. Inasmuch as migriitioiis. nuty often lead to a 

 permanent enlargement of the domam. of certain species, a 

 knowledge of the laws and circumstances by which they are 

 influenced has an important bearing on the study of the 

 geograptiical distribution of species. 



Migrations may also l)e performed under the influence of 

 circumstances not connected with reproduction or the search 

 for food. It is not certain whether fish are ever driven from 

 their homes bv a cooling of the water. Removals from such 

 a cause would not lake place in hirgc masses, and might 

 easily escape ob.servation. As a rnle, tisli are not sensitive 

 to changes of temperature, and can endure the greatest 

 diversities provided they have food enough. (.Certain tropical 

 fishes have a rennirkable faculty of performing joinneys by 

 land. The climbing fish and an ijpliiijryphnlim of the l-Jist In- 

 dies and the Doras coataim of South America are able, when 

 t're ponds aud swamps in wbich they live are dried up, to 

 ,j-avel for several horns over the laud to rind places affording 

 more water. The eel has been said to travel for considerable 

 distances from one pond to another. It is certain that eels 

 are al)le tn live for a considerable time oat of tlie water, and, 

 though the fact has not been scientifically eslatalished, there 

 is no reason to doubt that they can travel. The stickleback 

 is often found in pools wholly miconnccted with other 

 watin's. It may be that the eggs of the fish liave been carried 

 on tiie feet of waterfowl, or tliat the wanderers have found 

 tlieir way to such places during the rains of the spring and 

 fall, when the fields, the ditches, and even the wagon-tracks 

 arc running witli water. Pish often remove from their 

 abodes under tire influence of circumstances unfavorable to 

 their existence.. If there is an unusual abtmdance of their 

 food in one year, the number of fish will be greatly increased, 

 to die of starvation as soon as the food is consumed. They 

 are also often driven out i ii consequence of the pollution of 

 the rivers, either dying or going to other places where the 

 waters are more favoralile to them. Whole communities in 

 Norway and Sweden have been ruined by the sudden and un- 

 accountable disappearance from their shores of the herring, 

 on the catch of which they depended. In such eases the fish 

 have sometimes .'ibsented themselves from tlieir former 

 haunts for a hundred years or more, while fishermen and 

 students have endeavored without success to discover the 

 causes for the change. 



The conditions of a scientific explanation of the migrations 

 of fish are not satisfied when we say that they take place in 

 search of food or with the ptnpose of reproduction. We 

 have still to ask what are the conditions connected with 

 these oljjects wliich make necessarj' such extensive journeys. 

 Tlie answer is easy in cases where food is the object of the 

 journey. The fish go where they can find tlie food that siuts 

 ihem. But why does the herring go to the shallows of the 



coast instead of leaving its eggs in the deep sea ? Why does 

 the salmon leave the ocean and go away up to the sources of 

 the rivers? Experience gained in the artificial propagation 

 of fish has partly helped to ansvfer these questions. One of 

 the most essential requisites to a good hatch of the eggs is a 

 plentiful supply and free circidalion of air. Hence it is 

 necessary for the eggs to be liiid in well-ventilated waters. 

 This is impossible if they are spav,'ncd in deep water, where 

 they will sink away below ihe reach of viiinosplicric asove- 

 ineiits. Tlieymust be dcjiositcd in waters that ruc disturlieil 

 to theljottom. Such waters arc ihc shallows near tlie shure, 

 where the herring lay their eggs, and the living streams, 

 which are the resorts of the sidmoii atui sturgeon. The fish, 

 impelled at spawniug-time to go in the direction of the most 

 air, keep on til) they find it in the places best suited for 

 breeding. Different species of fish require different ainuunts 

 of oxygen, the same as different animals do. The sal iiion and 

 trout need nmch, and for it seek these waters which have the 

 liveliest motion — mountaiu-streaiuB. The opinion that these 

 waters are more favorable to the development of tlj^ eggs 

 because tliev are fresh is based on erroneous premises. Many 

 of the species thai cominonly f^o iu fresh waters also lay 

 their eaesin salt uafcrs, and even ■^tilnioii soiuctiiues lay them 

 in the sea. Salt water really apijeurs, from the most recent 

 researches, lo contain— other contlitiotis beiog the same — 

 more air than fresh. The same cause which impels the sal- 

 mon to ascend lo the lively, fully aerated streams of the 

 mountains attiacts other fishes from tlic deep seas to the 

 shallows and rivers, and llie eel from the boitoms of still- 

 water ponds to the wind ilisturbed waters of the bays. 

 Those Ifesh-w.ater tislics tlial do uol A\ander awa\-, go to tlie 

 well-aired spots in their ncii-hboiiiocd to spawn— lo Ihe 

 shore-waters, the wet meadows, or the jmictioiis of rivers, 

 or to the iributaiT stveains uf the lakes 'in which they live. 

 Those salt-water fish which live at the botloiu likewise go to 

 the waters uear the shores, where the flats ami Ihe meadows 

 swarm during the siiring v<ith their yoimg. 'I'he eggs of the 

 cod and mackerel are biaiyed ii;ion the suifaee uf the water, 

 where the winds blow- eoiistantly uver them. 'I'he stickle- 

 back will swim before its nest anil Ian it vvilh its sectoral tins 

 by tlie hour Tbii-^ every fish iilustrio,.-, Ci ^<.i,i,^ x.-av the law 



that a '■■.■■ ■ ■I, •;'/;■■ of air is esi-c^'-' - • T'- '■'-•■elopment 



of il" '•:._. .leil and suu-ligjm-i! • ■ ., ■ ■ also most 



favoralii'' i- ■ u- i,c v:e of cruslaci;aiis luni in' .iln -,,,, of ecliini 

 and polyps, and to the microscopic crealures of which the 

 food of the fry chiefly consists, and thus fulfiU anotlier con- 

 dition of the niost vigorous growth of the young fi.sh. 



Xtchetm, 



FBIVATE PRACTICE CLUB. 

 OcTOBEit Scores. 

 I^HE short days and wintiy winds have driven most of ova mem- 

 bers to the shorter ranges, though a tew notable exceptions 

 appear •with records ahowtug patient tmictice id tlie York Komid 

 in its entu-etvv. While there can be no questiou tlmt it is best to 

 give the greater time tu the long rfiiiges, the secretary, Iroiii hie 

 owu experience, can readily understand how dilticiilt such shuutiug 

 is when the ground is covered with snow, the vriiid harsh and 

 strong, and the. nit-ronry erouetiiug iu the bulb of the therinomet.fr. 

 In the iiu.uth of Oetofier but little of siieh se\ero weather was ex- 

 perioneed. but at the time this is being written it would require a 

 strong nerve lo stay throufjh se\'eutr-two arrows at lOU yards. 

 Such shooting is not oiJy \ ery tryiut.; to the shootei', but the havoc 

 made among his ImstarrowB 'n fiuuiieially appalJing. In the second 

 score at the lull yards, shot by the ivriler in Xuveniber, he was re- 

 warded with four hue new arrows broken to pioces. In shooting 

 the iii-Bt score iu the snow on one afternoon he lost an arrow under 

 the snow. He then cleared the snow entirely away from the vicin- 

 ity of his targets. Tlie following night being very cold the ground 

 was hard frozen, and the arrows, striking upon the exposed sm-- 

 faue, rehoimded as if from a solid stone floor, whipping tlie nocks 

 against the ground as they rose, and breaking the stile short off. 

 To the fletcher such practice is ver\ iuteresUng, liut the average 

 archer broods over his mangled shafts with unutterable disgust. 



At sixty yards, the number of arrows missuig the target being 

 greatly decreased, the danger of breakage is con'espondmgly di- 

 minished. For this reason, and the further fact that a score can 

 be so much more quickly shot at the shorter range, our practice 

 will be greater at ttiis range dirring the winter than its value 

 merits. Home of the belter performances of the members for the 

 month deserve more extended notice than can here be given, the 

 secretary h»ving only space to call attention to a few of the more 

 remarkable achievcmeuts. Tlie leading score at the lOO-yards 

 range was obtained by Mr. WUl. il. Thomson with iC-220, fol- 

 lowtHl by Mr. Maurice Thompson with :i.')-1.53, by ill-. Frank H. 

 \Valworth with 35-ia.S, by Mr. Ue (iratV with 2'J-1!U, and by Prof. 

 Willard with 29-123. 



At the 80-yards range records of great exceUenee were made, 

 Mr. Mnurico Thompson heading the Kst with 42-208, elosely fol- 

 lowed by Mr. Farm. S. De Graif with the line score of 194 from .38 

 hits. Ml- Wm. H. Thompson obtahied 42 188, Mr. Wdlard 33-167 

 and 36-166, Mr. Walworth 36-162, and J3r. Weston 32-146. At 60 

 yards some exh-aoi-dinary work was done. In some of the earhcr 

 reports of the doings of the club the beeretaiy called atteutiou to 

 the fact as somethhig extraordinary tliat severiil members had 

 passed 120 points at this range '. To note the scores exceeding 

 that nimiber in this month's record would be a tedious tusk. In- 

 deed, taking 140 points as the mimmum of notice, we find that Mr. 

 Walworth exceeeled the Umit five tunes with scores of 24-J54, 24- 

 152, 23-149, 24-146 and 24-140. Mr. Will. H. Thompson obtained 

 three scores of 24-146, 23-149 and 24-152 ; Mr. Maurice Thompson 

 23-147 and 2-1^156 ; Dr. WeBton a score of 23-153, and Mr. Hyatt a 

 score of 24-144, while nearly iifty scores between ISO and 110 were 

 recorded ! Surely we are reducing ai-ehery " to a science" on this 

 side of the ocean, at least at the short ranges. 



Tork Bounds of 106-508 by Mr. Will. H. Thompson, of 94-444 by 

 Mr. Maurice Thompson, of 85-419 by Mr. P. S. De Graff, of 85-405 

 by Prof. Willard, of 99-401 by Mr. Walworth, and of 87-379 by Mr. 

 Hyatt are exceedingly creditable records, and reveal a general ad- 

 vance, kf, much credit is due those members whose practice has 

 not been so long, and whoso skifi is natm-aUy less, for the improve- 

 ment revealed by their October record. Many of those now low in 

 the scale of excellence will be found in the front rank next summer, 

 after a few mouths careful practice shah have given them an equal 

 clumoe with their more oxperienced fellow members. Looking 



over the list of members again, the secretary cannot forego the 

 pleasure of notmg the improved skUI of Mr. Walworth, Mr. De 

 Graft, Prof. WUliu-d and Mr. Hyatt. These gontlomeu are rapidly 

 pressing to the front, and would make a splendid contest to-day at 

 the York Itoimd agauist any other lorn- American archers. What a 

 splendid light we shall have next July at Brookiyn ! 



Bdword B. ^Vestoii, Illfj-Ulanil Pariv, lUlaolS. 

 72aiT0WSat liio iaiils: 1. 7 J..1HS! nUor;.) S..M 13. .39. 

 ■VI arrows at so ya,rds. 

 30. .130 1«.. +2 Ei..LOa 8J..133 M.. 73 21.. 8T 19.. 7T IT.. BT 

 21.. ST SB. .123 26.. 100 'il.. 6S i'S..ll,5 21,. SO 22.. 86 V.i..Vi'! 

 S4..12e 30. .110 81.. 115 Vi.. 66 27.. 95 29. .119 21.. r.fl SO. .113 

 21.. 85 2«.. 96 26. .106 32. .146 23. .10.5 26. .100 2S.. Si IS,. 41 

 23..t»T «■).. SO 19.. 01 22.. SO 21.. 6.5 22.. 90 21.. 7T 



24 arrows at 60 yards. 

 •30.. S+ 17. .ra 1(1.. CO lO.. C4 £2,.liU 23, .121 13.. 4« 22..1t2 

 10.. 54 K..70 20.. Sa 19.. 69 J?.. So IS.. 94 19.. S3 18.. 70 

 la., nil 17. .58 15.. 53 M.. 61 '/LIIl 15. ..53 2.1. .122 22. .11* 

 12.. ;-;2 17, .75 IB.. 9.1 IT.. 77 ' ■•■ v: ! ,l:.'i ■'7, .111 19.. 95 



17,. t.7 10. .51 14.. 70 17,, 7; ,.,-.' :- ': •r.-.'1i 21, .111 



21.. 95 



..10: 



IS 



19. 



2.1. .114 to. .SO M.. 



Aver 



IS 



19.. 



22.. 9S 

 14.. BO 19.. c9 23..1.W 

 17.. 05 21.. 99 20.. 98 

 23.. 87 16.. 68 14.. 97 

 18.. 70 IS.. 78 12.. 36 

 20. .10* aOf.. 96 IT.. 78 

 20.. T4 18.. 83 20.. 94 



..21 



Average ar oo yards Si Si-liT 



<). W. Kyle, lIlgLlana Park, 111. 

 4S arrow.s at w> yards .- 1S-S4 ii-So. 



24 an'ows at 60 yards. 

 16. .48 19. .77 10. .SS 17. .67 17. .51 20. .58 ^a.M IS.-TS 1S..S9 

 IB. .41 14..46 15. .41 14. .46 13. .45 13. .68 19. .67 14'..«2 W..90 

 17..flS 13.. 49 



.Wer.iee at so vai'QS , 70 



.Weraye ul W yards i;.,.,....,.. i..^..., 60 l-« 



Wiu. H. Thompson, crawtorasvlUe, Indiana. 

 York Rounds. 

 100 yards. 80 yards. 60 yards. Total. 



OOtoOer 7 38. .142 42..T8S 24. .118 104. .448 



OctoberlO ..46. .220 86. .144 23.109 :05..478 



Octobers 45. .179 .is. i-" l:; : ;' loo. .508 



October 10, 19 and 21 36. ,140 3,v i m -• ' '" 98. .411 



October28 45. .13,5 :;;., .. • 101. .486 



24 aiTows at 60 yaju 



21. .113 23. .119 24. .146 23. .131 24. .124 ■i4..,.^>0 24. .132 23. .129 



Average York Round 456 



Average at 100 yards 168 1-5 



Average at SO yards 1 61 4-s 



Average at 60 yards 130 



Pranh H. Walwortli, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 

 York Rounds. 



OCtOberll 35..133 40..140 24. .122 99, .401 



Ootoberlfl •j6..i<s .36. .102 20.. so 82. .340 



24 Knons al iju yards. 

 24. .114 44. .120 22. .120 i4..i;« -20. .110 23. .181 22. .114 2.1. .149 

 24. .120 21. .101 22..12S 22.. 92 20.. 94 23.. 99 22. .116 24. .140 

 23. .135 20,. 90 21. .109 19.. 99 22. .110 20. .120 21. .121 24. .152 

 24. .126 21. .122 23. .113 21. .113 23. .131 19. .107 24. .125 2-1. .126 

 24. .154 23. .120 20.. T6 23. .125 21. .121 2.H..133 24. .120 22. .114 

 21. .107 23. .117 24. .110 24, .124 21. .119 24. .122 24. .128 24. .146 

 22..]Sn 21.. 107 23.. 183 22.. 138 



Aveiage York Kouud _ 370 I- a 



Aveiiin-e 100 yaiUs 116 1-2 



.Wenige SO yards 164 



-Werage 60 yards 119 25-!« 



Maurice Tliompson, Crawfordsvllle, Ind. 

 Yoilc Hounds. 



100 yards. 80 yards. CO vards. I'otal. 



October 7 ai.,li3 S3..isi; 21. .m 90. .410 



October 16 -..:i.i..i53 s-2,.i72 ■.'a.. 90 ST. .415 



October21 Sfe.i4ii 29, .137 2r;..i2;i 82. .412 



OCtOl3er28 2S,. 03 42..2US 'ii..W6 94. .444- 



24 arrows at CO yards. 

 19. .71 23. .147 24. .156 17. .78 J9.,]]9 23. .187 ' 



Average York Hound..... ....420 1- 4 



Average 100 yards 121 i- 2 



Average 80 yards 475 3. 4 



Average 60 yards '. m i-io 



Pai-m. S. De Graff, Charlotte, Michigan. 

 York Rounds. 



100 yards. 80 yards. 60 .rai-ds. Total. 



0ct0tier4 - -26.. 96 32.. 132 22. .110 80 388 



OctObere 26. .10s 38. .194 21. .117 8S"419 



OctOt)er7 28. .104 33. .137 20. .112 81. .358 



Octobers 29.. 131 35. .1,56 21. .106 S6 891 



Oct/)berl2 26. .104 28. .182 21. .110 T5 347 



October22 26.. 97 29. .133 20.. 94 74"326 



October28 ,.,23.. 97 28.. 122 20.. 84 71. .803 



Average York Round 363 6-7 



..yverafce 100 yards . 1052-7 



Average so yard s 143 6.7 



Average su yards 104 6-7 



&. T. ciim-clJ, CUarlotte, Michigan. 

 Yoric Botmds. 



100 yards, 80 yards. 60 yards. TotaL 



October4 19. .65 27. .115 16. .76 62. .256 



Octobers 21. .75 19.. 66 12. .58 62 198 



Octobers 19. .71 24. .110 19. .87 62 20S 



OCtOber22 17. .05 23.. fiO 16. .72 60 198 



Octobers- 23. .03 24., TO 17. .93 04.. 226 



24aiM ; 19..79 IS. .68 21. .87 18. .62 lo..«9. 



Avern; 229 i. g 



Aveii, „ 67 4-5 



Aveiftgi '. : I 84 1-6 



Averajfe Ou .wu-u^ , T5 1-10 



Tac. Husscy, Dos Moines, Iowa. 

 York Hounds. 



72 arrows at 1 00 yards : 21 . . 69 20 . . 78. 



2+ arrows at 60 yards: 19.. 71 22. .96 21. .81 .21„»7 S3. .111. 



Lver.iee York Round » ,.,.,, 241 



vards 752-S 



AV. 



t.r SO y 



. . rds. . . 

 yards... 



9 2-g 



.'. 11. Pattei-son, Lawrence, Kansas. 



72(i..-!.v., ■ ,., Tr . ::...i^: 19. .61 15. .61, 



24.-ir'i,, -: 18. .72 16. .90. 



Averafc- m^ -,;."_; ^;-;" - '* 



T. A. Willard, Galesbarg, luinols. 

 York Rounds. 



100 yards. 80 yards. 60 vards. Total. 



October2 22.. 9* 2- i-n ii i.., 7.-. at 



Octoiier 4 and ,i ^ 23. .106 7:' ii' j,- i - i;i7 



Octobero 22.. S8 :-i.; .'i "' !■". ■■. :i2'.i 



October 7 and 5 29. .107 W '? ^::. :■- ;• viW 



Ootobci-12 r,-..ii7 ::'!, ,-..,- -s, ,, :-:: : ,>,s . 



October:^ ^4.,!'4 2>i. 1.12 i;'.i:'!. ,::, :«(5 



October 19 and 2: 2.-..^-^ 72. 1;: y.t . -1 ,-,i^.,:^3b 



October 10 and 2! '2,,i-i' 2i...iri, v,,. ..,,- -i 175 



October22 ■;v..i27i .-..1 '-t -:.: :-,- ,-,s 4115 



October 21 . 1 l:i! 2S 2.! i^2 , ; . -' ;;; ;:n) 



October?:, ,j...; T ^<; ■.'.,; : ,-. .iog 



Octoloer -.. -If,,- -- 2H. l^■; .- -. .sis 



OctOber2j 21. .-5 -,; . .;i; ili}..:;(n 



■24 an-ows at 60 yards. 



IS.. 7S Sfl.SO 17. .71 21.. 93 10. .73 23. .1.11 19. ,91 21.. 83 IT.. 79 

 21. .103 50. .S4 i;,i._75 20. .104 19. .77 18,, 92 17. .80 23. .119 lW..lsa 



Averafre Ynrk Kouad 334 2-ia 



Average 100 yards tin 3-is 



Average 80 yards 130 7-ia 



Average 60 yards 96 16-31 



