268 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



[May 6, 1880. 



with them." Be commenced by remaining that tin-re 

 was no animal in which man took BO profound an in- 

 terest as the dog. There was no animal treated so com- 

 pletely in the came manner as man treated the im»i \ al 

 ned and trust}' friends of his own species. Man admitted 

 the dog tr» share his own courts, to the intimacy of hie 

 own hearths and homes : and to complete the parallel, 1 e 

 commonly treated him with as great neglect and care- 

 lessness, vet ever turning to the dogin the fulfilled ex- 

 pectation that he would obtain from him undiminished 

 affection. Therefore, he thought his hearers might take 

 some interest in endeavoring to ascertain What was the 

 place of the dog in the economy of Nature. 



Now. it might have surprised some people to discover 

 that they have been in tlichal.il of using terms which, 

 when thev came t<> he put straight out, appeared to con- 

 tradict convictions which they field very strongly. That 

 uas very much the case of the dog : Ebr taking the physi- 

 cal nature of that animal to begin with, there was proba- 

 bly no one present who had not. in regard to it. repeatedly 

 employed such terms as head, eyes. ears, nose, neck, trunk, 

 chest, limbs, skull, back-bone, or leg-bone. Those terms 

 applied to a considerable extent in precisely the same 

 H^nse to parts of the human body : and therein was an 

 im Uication that the users of such languages had unci n- 

 setouslv become aware of a fundamental similiarity be- 

 tween "the physical and mental organization of the dog. 

 and the physical and mental organization of man. And 

 this unity existing between the dog and man was very 

 st riking, not only in relation to the physical nature but 

 the moral nature of the two animals. 



Taking first the question of physical similiarity, Prof. 

 Huxley pointed out bv tbo aid of a diagram, in which 

 force was given to tho illustration by the skeleton of the 

 animal being raised on hind legs, that it; internal con- 

 struction the only difference between man and dog was 

 one of size and proportion. There was not a bone in the 

 one which did not exist in the other — not a single consti- 

 tuent in the one that was not to be found in the other. 

 In the case of the dog there was not thai which, on super- 

 ficial examination, answered to the collar-bone of man: 

 but cIobo dissection would disclose, in the case of the 

 lower animal, a little bone, varying in length from a third 

 to half an inch, occupying the same place as the human 

 collar-bone, and which was indubitably a rudimentary 

 collar-bone. It appeared to be of no functional imp\ t 

 tance, but there it was. The great toe, which was con- 

 spicious in the man, was only rudimeiitarily represented 

 in the dog; but that waB a difference only of form and 

 proportion and of attitude. Man and dog were constructed 

 by the same plan as two churches built in the same style 

 of architecture, but differing in detail. 



Considering the psychological nature of the dog, the 

 lecturer remarked that he might be met at the outset 

 with the objection, " Talk of the mind of a dog ; why. I 

 don't believe he has a mind." Well, the only reason he 

 had for assuming that the dog had a mind was the same 

 reason by which he assumed that all present bad minds ; 

 there was no direct evidence of the fact any more in the 

 one than in the oilier. lie proceeded in this matter on 

 the plain ground of common sense, v, hich led (hem aright 

 in their daily affairs, and upon which was founded the gen- 

 eral axiom that, where there was nothing to the contrary, 

 like causes produced like effect. Run a pin into a man, 

 and there was a si art and a cry. bv which they came to 

 the conclusion that pain had resulted. Run a pin into a 

 dog, and there was a how] and attempt, perhaps, to bite. 

 by which we inferred that the animal Was in a Mate ..I 

 consciousness in which italso suffered pain. Could they 

 say that the dog was a mere piece of animate machinery ': 

 It was quite true that certain philosophers had held views 

 of that kind, but common sense people wouldnol have it, 

 and he believed the common sense people were right. 

 And once they denied that then; was the smallest founda- 

 tion for supposing that under the same condition which 

 produced pain to human beings dogs were incapable of 

 feeling, then the whole question of the mind of the dog 

 was granted. At thesanie time he was disposed to think 

 that in dogs the feeling of pain was infinitely duller than 

 in Human beings. 



As to the other senses belonging to dogs, he was in- 

 clined lodoubt very much if dogs could see with anything 

 like the distinctness Of men. Their hearing was' indis- 

 putably verv acute ; but it was a remarkable fad that 

 sense was regulated on a totally different scalo iu 

 dogs as compared with human beings. Did l hey ever 

 hear of a dog taking a pleasure in music? On the con- 

 trary, the sound of music seem to cause him acute pain, ac- 

 G impanied by a horrible sort of fascination, which fastened 

 him to the spot at which he was subjected to the torture. 

 Else, when a (Jeruiau hand was doing its worst, in the 

 streets, why did he. sit upon his haunches and howl when 

 he might get up and run away. Yet he often wondered 

 whether dogs really did suffer pain from inn ir. or 

 whether tnej howled purely in sympathy, as did the 

 jackals of the. prairies, The sense of smell iu a dog was 

 something marvelous— marvelous not only for its delicacy 

 but for the fact that its discrimination of what was 

 agreeable and disagreeable was exactly the reverse ol 

 ours. They never heard of a dog being infatuated with 

 lavender water, or patchouli, or Kan do Cologne: he rather 

 revelled in I lie smells which to men were a source of un- 

 feigned horror and digust. 



He pnoe possessed a d ig which he frequently left 

 among the thousands Erequexituig lie-em's 1 'ail;, t., se- 

 crete himseir behind a tree. So soon as Me animal found 

 that Ik; had lost his master he laid bis nose to the ground, 

 and in that manner very soon tracked him to his biding 

 pkT.ce. That showed that I he dog had 1 he power of distin- 

 guishing theparlicular modification ot the leather of the 

 boots caused '.v the wearing of his master in ■ 

 Unction to tho modification produced bv hundreds ol 

 thousands of other people present at the moment, A.sto 



the ability <>l" dogs to find their way Iron, place lo place, 

 he believed there was an unconscious registration in their 

 minds of the visual pictures presented toil in the various 

 tracks through which they passed, and that the memory 

 worked backward until "the animal readied its desti- 

 nation 



No one could doubt the moral disposition of dogs. 

 Some were trustworthy, others more or less thieves ; 

 some were amiable, others vicious, and so on. Neither 

 was there any doubt that a dog had ideas of equality and 

 inequality, They could easily settle that point by offering 

 a dog a large and a small piece of meat on the same Ifefl, 

 and by observing which he took first, Indeed there was 



no fundamental faculty connected With th in 



powers that migbf not be demonstrated to exist in dogs. 

 Now, while there was this unity between dog and man. 

 he did not mean lo say thai the difference between them 

 was not wry great, but the difference was strictly a 

 measurable, one. In shoe .one case, the intellectual pro- 

 duct Of the individual was limited lo the indivi lnal. It 

 could not g.-i ;,nv further, and the individual had no 

 power of acquiring sensation or experience except for 

 hiin-ilf. [n the other case, where there was speech and 

 the experience implied by sj cb, together with I he cap- 

 italization, so to Bpeak, of the cooperative senses, there 

 wasno reason whv the progress of man in the direction 

 of divergence from the dog should not be infinite—and 



that was exactly what had happened. Man had left the 

 dog behind, as their poor fiftieth cousin, ever faithful, 

 ever intelligent, and with great mental gifts and capac- 

 ity, but sadlvienoranfof the three Il's and all the learning 

 thai follow, m1 there.,,,. 



After illustrating by means of diagrams the variations 

 of the dog as uow extant, iu the wolf, jackal, and other 

 animals. Prof. Huxley concluded his lecture amid hearty 

 applause, 



SECOND LECTUEE. 



Prof. Huxley began by slating that in his last lecture 

 he had en, lea \ored (o fix the position of dogs in the scale 

 of animated nature. He pointed out that within the 

 carnivora there was a particular division embracing 

 some thirty or fifty different forms which constimied 

 the dog land, and which had a much doser community 

 of structure, both physical and menial, with one another 

 than they had with other members of the carnivora fam- 

 ily. The points on which they presented a great and re- 

 markable difference from other animals built on lie- ,-amc 

 plan were in the structure of the skull and in the organs 

 contained in it— the teeth. It was on these points that 

 he desired lo ascertain the amount and extent of the dif- 

 ference which obtained between different forms of dog- 

 like animals. Over the brow of the wolf there was a 

 great cavity, but if they Looked at the skull of the fox, 

 they found" that the; shape of the brow- was very differ- 

 ent, and there was no cavity at all. They could arrange 

 all the skulls of the dog-like animals into" two series — in 

 which ,,ne had essentially the character of thewoii skull, 

 and the other had essentiallv the character of Hie fox 

 skull, ne could not tell the significance "f these differ- 

 ences, but the fact remained that the skulls of dog-like 

 animals could he arranged into two series — the Alope- 

 coicls. at the betel of which was the fox, and the other 

 the Theoids. at the head of which was the wolf. 



This enabled them to place the position of the domes- 

 tic dog still more definitely, ami it would occupy a place 

 in the series corresponding with th.at in which thev had 

 placed the jackal.* and wolves. With regard to the" stag- 

 hound, the' shepherd's dog, and manv of their cur does, 

 no one would have the smallest hesitation in placing 

 them just between the wolf and the jackal. Some of 

 the domestic dogs presented some curious features. The 

 Newfoundland dog had a largo development of skull. 

 which gave it a great appearance of Bagacity. This ap- 

 pearance of sagacity in the c,,iitotir of the skull, like that 



very largely on their being there' a "considerable ,-mptv 

 spaee. In some cases, as in tho Blenheim spaniel, this 

 development was due lo real boM I fide brain: ami the 



Blenheim spaniel was undoubtedly the product of do- 

 mestication, and great selected breeding. They now 

 came to speculations .and problems which could only he 

 solved by a careful interpretation of the facts within 

 their knowledge. 

 The first of these problems was the origin of the domes- 

 a dog. and he thought they could see their way to solv- 

 g it. it they began upon a solid basis of fact. Such a 

 tsis of foot was supplied bv what thev knew of the 

 origin of dogs in America, tho Indians of the north- 

 western pam of America were all in possession of hair- 

 tame cur-like dogs, living in the same way as the doga in 

 lOgvpt— in a scnii-indepeiident. condition. l,i (he Ba me 

 country there existed a wild animal— the Canis lutniiin. 

 or prairie wolf. It was impossible to point out any dis- 

 tinction between these prairie wolves and the domesti- 

 cated dog of the Indians. If was somewhat difficult to 

 understand how these wild and fierce animals could be 

 tamed ; and vet. when one knew their habits, it was easy 

 enough. The smaller wolves' and jackals, although pre- 

 dacious and fierce, wereendowed with singular curiosity ; 



that curiosity directed then, toward mail and his .loii.Js. 

 There was not one of these animals which, if caught 

 voumr— whether iackal or small wolf— could not be 



ttaehed and devoted to man as an v 

 snot difficult to understand, there- 

 fore, how these animals became acquainted with man. 

 how thev became named, and how In, in them sprang a 



race of domesticated animals which, curiously enough, 

 were far more attached to their masters and the animals 

 with which thev were brought up, than to members of 

 their own family. 



If they could "depend upon the fact that this one do- 

 mestic dog originated in the taming of an Indigenous 

 wild origin, then the general problem ot the origin of do- 



inesliedogs would lake this form : Could they lind, in all 



parts of the world in which domestic dogs were known, 



wild sl:.cl; .,.., -e:,,hr to the existing I'm:,' Of dogs that 



that there was nothing unnatural in Supposing that thev 

 had the same origin as the Indiandogs? Thev might trace 

 dog-like animals, further and further west, until in North- 

 ern Africa they had a whole series of kinds of dog-like 

 animals, usually known as jackals. He believed that these 

 wild stocks were the source iron, which, in each case, the 

 Bavages who originally began t,., tame dogs had derived 

 the stock. This view was confirmed by archssological re- 

 . The} h.,,1 preserved to them, on the monuments 



"lai, ,„-!!, .; variety ol forms of dogs, and it 



was significant that the further back they Went the fewer 

 were thi trieti s.until at thetim ..d fourth 



dynasties thai is, ahouti6,0QU years ago— there were only 



two well-m.n-ked terms of dogs. One of them wa- "a 

 comparatively small, cur-likedog, similar to that which 

 was to be see,, m the streets of Cairo at the p» a I r] 

 and the other was like a greyhound. The cur was, no 

 doubt, a taaiie species of the'wild jackal, which 

 to be found in the same country : and with respect to the 

 greyhound, there was in Abyssinia. B Very long-headed 

 dog, which was very much of the i QB-grej 



hound, and which, it oould hardly be i . - . • 



source from which it spiL e 



and made a 

 ry dog. It i 



no dOllbt that tile Origin Of does could be traced lo those 



sources, the more modified forms of the domestic annual 



uere simply ihe result, of the selected breeding, which 

 had given rise to the same modification in dogs as it had 

 done in the case of pigeons. This was the? solution of the 

 origin of domestic d gs, to which all their information 

 and inquiries pointed, and there remained Eheqii 

 the origin of dogs in general. 



A Don Sronv 



PROM ( 



was nearly enac 



ed the, 



he Himalaya w 



as aboi 



Hole. In the ej 



citemei 



nto the water. \ 



vheii a 1 



ind gave chase, 



making 



ruite two feet i< 



agfran 



t:. — A horrible tragedy 

 at ' libralter, just when 

 gh anchor off the New 

 • moment a pet dog fell 

 large [octopus rose to the surface 

 greedy grabs al it. with anus 

 end lo end. When the enemy 

 about to close on its viciim. a sailor Eresh from for- 

 eign parts appeared on the scene, and dragging from his 

 much-tattooed breast a rival pet in the Shape, of a mar - 

 nioset, sent it to the rescue iu a basket. 



The little creature, half cat and half monkey, must 

 have been acquainted alike with its duties and the English 

 language, for it did not seize the octopus, but, laving ha nils 

 on the dog. was safely drawn up. lo the disgust ,,l the 

 enemy and joy of friends. Altogether il was n pretty 



pica- of byplay, when tender hearts were sobbing aditrax 



to brown 'hands waving aifeclionalely from every port- 

 hole to the military strains of " Auld Lang .Sx ne. 



The "VVatch-doo Instinct. — On a high shelf behind 

 his counter a Mexican trader kept a cage, containing a 

 more or less happy family of squirrels and opossums and 

 two monkeys, a capuchin and a young ceboo 

 tliseits); and one night, between 3 ando A.M.', be heard 

 the latter animal screeching away with all its might, and 

 soon after hurried footsteps on the veranda iu trout ,,f 

 The woulihhe murauder had I, ft 



track of dirty bonis betw 



but, 



were 



irks 



t themonke 

 the alarming of the little cebc 

 stance of the manifestation in 

 an instinct, Which in general 1 



canines and the goose. All 

 ness the plunder of their ma 



unconcern : and even the sa 



dueted by midnight th 



I 



is thi 

 iquadn 



barf and Ihe store, 

 ninler. he could not 

 hied their .- ,.'• : .,i,d 



"ore a curious ui- 



anous animal of 

 to be oonii,n ,i to 

 le ecu, is of birds— (lie 

 tomestic animals wit 



properly will, pi re ■ I 

 is horse may l,o nli- 



ihoui betraying its fear 



by the. slightest sound. — Or. F. L. Oswuhi,in UpijiucvU'x. 



Apdress all communications "Forest and 'Stream 

 Publishing Company, New York." 



THE HIGHLAND PARK ARCHERS. 

 JTBST TARGET MEETING run I -mi. 



T" 



the pri 



oil . 



lege i 



i pest eririiiiizdil 

 iv Henna! target 



• ■ S7tti ol April, 

 course ot speo- 



llighhuul Park is ono of the meal delightful Suburbs in the 



West; located twonty miles QOrtti "I ci, ;,■„■• , the stioraooi 



Luke Ml, •login), II lies 100 feet ul„,v e the water, and l„rim tt pel? 

 feet network ol heautiiul flower-docked oolites. 11,,- breezes 

 iug, and no more 



A ! ■ , 



„d. 



pour „1 ran, up lo i ivrainfi nf 



April "iii.li, accompanied by Weak March winds, the luornin^ f 

 the 37th. opened whim dear sky and baUmj Spring atmosphere, 

 and the hearts eC Ihe in, hers ivlii, h.,'1 taken covet tickets were 

 made glad with tho auspicious brightness. At U -." P.M., 1*0 train 

 from Chicago brought n large number oi pisftlng at 

 spectators, among whom were Mr. 8. E.Egan, Mr, w u. i-:. s, i,u- 

 fold I, Mr. .Ino. Wilkinson, .Mr. .1 . U. Ukilre. Mr. .1. Ic. Adams. .Mr. 

 W. 1.. Sliepard, Mr. W,,lter lliirnhain, Mr. .1. M. Korlmlil ami Mr. 

 BrOWn, guests ol Mr. 11- (.'. Oatver, and A. G. Spalding, Ebq.,gucsl 

 ot Mi. Geo. Ball, 



The turgets were placed 'M yards apart, the ladieafn 

 C. ami th- gentlemen A, II, C, I) and B. Pre-mptlj at SJ-.^B 



p.m. the -i inur ,■■ ,,.,,,, en, e.t ai iti. Double i into Round, , lz : tm 



arrows ai ,0 v»r,ls. and IS arrows at to yards, for lailies. and '.Hi 

 arrows at 60 yards. and 4S arrows al SO yards, f.,r ^'eiiili'inen. In 

 \ ,,-w ,.f tho ladies having had no practice this season ihey did un- 

 expectedly ff ell. mi the tii.st in iui,i good scoring was dou 3 J,y 

 f)i us hi. Mrs. r.asher and Mrs. fionut'ltlge, ll H,,- 

 I by Mlsa Denison and Milffl Stroal ai I 

 iiwoiii. shot steam!] and droll fbrougltutil the 



her hisl en, I al td yards, no, I eou- 



:,.| no e\ ail ien.e a- an a, via-,, tier fl I Orf 



■ :•-. Mr-. Ball, Mrs. Carver, Mrs. Ft, 

 id easy and graceful execution, ai id 



range. 51rs. 8i 

 ,hi v. Mr-. Carter a 



Milt-rillK th.C ShO 'I 



on ill is occasion wi 



give piomtaeof high scores ere tbc sea- a,, i .... .. 



OT Illegal, 111 no n, Mr. Carver led the 6DOrl the filst round :it 



the 80 yards range, getting P8-11S wffh his 48 arrows, fallowed 

 clo8i 13 by Mr. llah with 2J-J0T, Mr. PalrOelil (WBltort U'uditignl in 

 yards with :a -MI.'.Mr. liiiriihaiii a good second Willi 18-88. On the 

 second round Mr. ll.ill again showed in good form hv en mi' \'.i- 



lL'llal the lower ranee, Mr. A dam- rlsltW) Ij Following With 



21-125, aud Mr. Iluniliain (Visitor) getting Ul 

 Of ilieila.v. 10 105. 

 Special in, inn hi siK.nli.1 ho made id llin skill shown li\- Mr. 



Adams, who first no tenced Bhootlng lam last Cull, having had 



no out-of-door pruoUoe. Ha recently Boorcd, with :i ■ 



hum at I 

 80 ynrds 



dssto 



\V,1 



she. 



,1th 



ularil v nod precision, Ins total si on- 1 ei,,e .-ixih in-.-i ,,f 

 the day. The occasion « as one of -gala sood oheer fr 

 uing to end, and every archer and spectator fell that the archery 

 .. a.-oli at the 1'arlc had loinmi need ivell. Letters Ol n 

 received from many an-heis who wore invited to be: pri 

 second cegular target day of ibis Society will i ■ 



a sr. 



IjAIiies.- First score. .Ml yan'l-i, Mi-, I Ll I-12S WI 



Airs. x. E. Ssvartwouu 89-115 ; third, M:-~. R. Carter, ^ IM : fourth 

 Mrs. u ". s. Lasher, 25-99 : til th, Mrs. \\ . M.rioodriilge, •: : 



,,..., to , , - ,.,,,-. i 



score, in yards, Miss Denison, 3S-I38t second, Miss Si, U 



third, Mrs. Lasher. 2«i-!ii; fourth, Mrs. Swartwout, 1 

 Mrs. Carter. Hj-iK; SLXtli, Mrs. Soo« ' 



