t-xe 34/ I8S0.] 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



409 



longer found in the house, As far as it goes, I think the 

 theory advanced in my first article Will hold. 



The question is. do the bedbugs oorae from the bass 

 wood.?, (I hold that they do), and if so how do jhej get 

 there? " W. P. M. 



The Blue Grosbeak in Massachusetts,— On May 

 2!>th Mr. Gordon Plummer. of Brookline, Mass., shot ill 

 that town a beautiful specimen of the adult male blue 

 grosbeak (Qoniaphea ceerulea). This is believed to be the 

 only specimen of this species ever taken in Massachu- 

 setts. None previous to this have ever been recorded, 

 "We have the record of one specimen only, taken in New- 

 England, which was shot in Maine nineteen years ago, 

 and is now in the possession of Mr. Geo. A. Boardman, 

 the eminent ornithologist. Primary, 



♦ 



The Long Island Insect Pests.— Boston, June 22d. 

 — I noticed, in your last issue, an inquiry from an ag- 

 grieved correspondent in regard to the destruction of the 

 trees of hi3 section by June-bugs, as to " what he should 

 do about it." Let him place half a dozen tubs of water 

 around his yard near his favorite trees, sink a keg in 

 each till nearly level with the water, and place thereon a 

 lantern. If the bugs are very numerous he can take a 

 hogshead and a cedar post. Attracted by the light they 

 bump their heads against the glass aud drop into the. 

 water, and if oil is dropped on the water, the next morn- 

 ing you will have a bushel, more or less, of the most de- 

 moralized animals that ever walked on six legs— or move. 

 The oil clogs up their spiracles and suffocates them, 

 •while they can't swim worth a cent anyway. Coopera- 

 tion is the death of bugs. J, P. Trips. 

 » 



Arrivals at the Philadelphia ZeBtoulOAr, garden from 

 Mat b*tk to June 7th. — 1 horned lizard (Hhrynoaomn cornuta),Z 



1 raccoon (Pratyon lotur), 1 European land tort 



(/mc-;,ij, 5 wnndeliue!<s 1. 1 re limeys moaa.r), 2 red foxes (Tufpes 

 /ufDits), 1 night heron (Nyctiu: I bttld eagle (HOltaetUA 



aephtthtlii, 1 mocking bird (Ii [tug), I alligator 



(Alligator tni{»(.«i|iiww!, 1 opossum CDMell airgirOariS), 



pigeon hawlt (Aceipiler ftutcns\ 4 spreading adder- {BelerodOn 

 plabjrhinos), 1 hog-nosod snako (3. plaiyrhinns atmocUss) 3 Mart 

 stiakns (Bamxnion conitrk-tur), 3 water snakes (TropuhnGVus 

 /<we£ufux), 2 water snakes (Tropidonotus nipedcrt); 1 Icing snake 

 (Ophlbolus gatulm), 1 mountain blank sntike (Culuhcr ohioXetw), 



2 chicken snakes (Coluber tiuadririttatiis), 1 whip snake (Bascaniun 

 Hagelliformis), 1 garter snake (Eutai'nict rii-talis), 1 garter snake 

 (E. sirtaZit parielalis), 1 indigo snake (SpUntes avbenmis) ; till pre- 

 sented. 1 Virginia deer (Cervus virginianus), 1 zebu (Bos inclicus), 

 1 fallow deer (Dama vulgaris), tprariedogs (Cunnmii* I tirlnrir.Uimu:): 

 horn in the garden. ^ N. It. N app. 



Animals Received at Centbal park Mbnagerie fob Week 

 Ending June 19th.— One black snake, presented by Mr. J. Fra- 

 *ier, New York Oily. One herring gull (Lana argoilal.w;), pre- 

 sented by Mr. D. W. Luhring, New i'ork City. One Virginia 

 cardinal (Car(Kmt7teDiY|/t.m"anus), presented by Mr. K It, Ttlirhman, 

 Eight menonranelii iMcnnbranclitu hitc.mlU), presented Ij.v Prof. 

 Burt U. Wildei, fthaea. Two red hreasled toucans Oi-imphotitjis 

 (Ikcilona). Two military manws (Aro militarix). One (lamingo 

 (Phcenicopterut ruber). One spider monkey [Aide titer). One 

 oebus monkey (GebUfi dapustnue)—M purchased. One fallow deer 

 (Damar vuJgarit). Four while swans (Oyflrmw olor). Two black 

 swans (Cugmm atratw)— all born in the menagerie. 



w A. Cokkus, Director. 



gis li §tiU arq. 



—Address all communications to " Forest and Stream 

 Publishing Company, New York." 



THE INTERNATIONAL FISHERY EXHIBITION AT 

 BERLIN. 



NO. VH. — FISHWAYS. 



GERMANY and America are the only countries which 

 make any great display in fish culture, if we except 

 England, who sends some photographs of fishes and a 

 very little apparatus. The limits of fish culture as re- 

 gards apparatus does not seem to be clearly and sharply 

 defined, or at least understood, by all alike ; thus : in 

 America, fish cultural apparatus is understood to include 

 only hatching implements and their accessories for gather- 

 ing spawn, feeding fry, etc., and the tanks and appli- 

 ances for transporting living fishes, excluding' fishways 

 as implements of protection and not of propagation, 

 while in Germany the latter are included and transplant- 

 ing apparatus is, by the classification of the awards at 

 the Fishery Exhibition at least, placed in the list of ap- 

 paratus for bringing fish to market. The limits of fish 

 culture, are hard to define; so imperceptibly do they blend 

 into natural history, protection, food resources and other 

 questions of interest that a fish culturist of the broad 

 guage pattern must have a passing knowledge of all 

 theso things, including geographical distribution, pro- 

 tective laws, fishways, anatomy, classification and no- 

 menclature, as well as to be conversant with the approved 

 forms of hatching apparatus and the character and treat- 

 ment of the eggs of the different fishes which come 

 within his province ; therefore, by an elastic interpreta- 

 tion of the term fish culture, perhaps fishways may be 

 admitted within its meaning. 



Europe is not prolific of devices for aiding fish to as- 

 cend obstructions in the streams, most of the models 

 shown being the old fashioned ones, having plain parti- 

 tions at right angles, or merely a series of pools arranged 

 on a slope, whereby the fish leap from one to the other 

 after the fashion of the original Scotch or Irish fish lad- 

 ders; and in this connection it may as pell be stated that 

 the. oldest salmon ladder known to the writer was built 

 in Scotland, in 1826, a description of which will be found 

 below among the models exhibited in the English depart- 

 ment. A tour through the Exhibition in search of fish- 

 ways reveals the fact that but three countries make any 

 display of them, a circumstance which leads one to sup- 

 pose that the other countries have nothing in this line 

 worth showing, and, judging from the known literature 

 of fish culture, it is much to be doubted if the question 

 of the passage of fishes over obstructions, natural or arti- 

 ficial, has been made a subject of special study outside 

 of Great Britain, Germany and Amerioa, where it has of 

 lat« years received a large share of attention as one «f the 



means to be employed to preserve the fishes and increase 

 ! ivsou roes of the respective countries. 



ENGLAND. 



The models in the English department are all from the 

 Museum of Econc::n.; Fish :,-.dtt:;-;- it South Eat sragtOE 

 and are in wood and plaster, being apparently made 

 without reference to scale, and are as follows :— 



Model of fish pass at Deanston Weir on the Leith, 

 Perthshire, built in 1826. A gradually widening sluice- 

 way with the explanation : — 



Length of htdder, 250 feet. 

 Width at top, 9 feet. 

 Width at bottom, 40 feet. 

 Gradient, one root in twenty-seven, 



This way has projecting partitions reaching nearly 

 across, with openings on alternate sides, and the question 

 arises why the way is made wider below when the water 

 passes through openings of the same size all the way 

 down. 



Model of fishway at Warkworth, on the Coquet, 

 Northumberland, built by J. Tab, Esq., agent to the 

 Duke of Northumberland. Partitions running all the 

 way across, their tops sloping upward, having a notch 

 in the middle. The How of Water is regulated by a 

 movable section at the upper end, which is hinged at its 

 junction with the other portion, allowing it to be ele- 

 vated or depressed according to the state of the water. 



A model ta shown of a fishway constructed on a prin- 

 ciple either unknown or at least unpraoticed in America, 

 called by Dr. Bue.Mand " a diagonal board on weir," in 

 which the face of the dam is made sloping (inclination 

 not given, but about 250°), and a board is set up edgewise 

 running diagonally down its face, throwing the water to 

 the right or left, as the case may be, the fish being ex- 

 pected to rush up by the side of the board, which would 

 seem to have the effect of deepening the water on the 

 face of the slope aud also retarding it to a slight degree. 



A catalogue of the English exhibit has been promised, 

 but at present writing, in the sixth week of the Exhibi- 

 tion, none has appeared, and as there are only very 

 meager descriptions upon some of the articles, we must 

 guess at some things, and as on this model there are the 

 following inscriptions: ".See Photo, of Durham Weir," 

 and "See Fishery Reports, p. 44, 1870, and p, 36, 1869," 

 it is perhaps to be inferred that a fishway has been built 

 upon this principle, but not having access to the reports 

 mentioned, at present, it is impossible to state this as a 

 fact, 



Buekland'a fishway. This is partly on the prin- 

 iplc of the above, having two boards, '-flash-boards," if 

 they may he so called, which converge and direct the 

 water flowing down the sloping face into a sort of funnel. 

 The face slopes at perhaps an angle of 45°, and these 

 "flash boards" are at about the same angle with the 

 crest of the dam. At the foot of the sloping face is a 

 pool formed by a semi-circle of large rocks cemented into 

 a wall, which gives the salmon a chance to start, while 

 below ths wall is the trunk of a tree thrown across to 



rrn a sore of lower pool and deepen the water around 



e rocky basin. 



Model of a fish pass turned upon itself. Original at 

 Tavistock, in Devon ; dam six feet high ; a succession of 

 pools ; reference to Fishery Reports I860, p. 26. 



Model of pass built in 1871, on the Severn, at Penarth, 

 near Newton, Montgomeryshire. A succession of pools 

 with notches on alternate sides; height of dam, seven 

 feet ; difference of level between the pools, ten and a 

 quarter inches. 



Buckland's ladder. Model of one on the "Stour," 

 Canterbury, said to work well. A succession of pools 

 made by removable partitions sliding in vertical grooves ; 

 the bottom of the way being level, the upper pools are 

 deepest. 



Model of Markworthdam.on the '''Coquet," the property 

 of the Duke of Northumberland. On one side of the dam 

 is a fish trap with sluice gates, necks, etc., for taking 

 trout, and a fish way upon the other. This is leased by 

 Mr. W. R. Pape, the gun-maker, and the label teUs us 

 that in four years there were 131 tons of bull-trout taken 

 here. (See Fishery Reports 1879, p. 9.) The ladder is 

 made by partitions Eoribig pools, ;ne sils bsing higher 

 than the other, causing the largest Mow to be made on 

 alternate 6ides. 



Ladder within a ladder." Mr, S. Bateson's plan. 

 a,t work near Golspie, Sutherland, Scotland, over a fall of 

 sixty feet. (Soe Report, Scotch salmon ladders, p. 131.) 

 A series of steps having on attentate ends a double step, 

 or, as its name suggests, a smaller ladder or easier way 

 within the greater one, which serves to break the force 

 of the water. 



GERMANY. 



Herr von dern Borne, Berneuchen, exhibits the follow- 



Model of Brackett's fishway (American) in tin. 



Model of McDonald' fishway (American) in wood. 



Model of Shaw's fishway (American) in wood. 



Model of fishway with partitions making deep pools, 

 the water flowing through a hole in the bottom of eaoh 

 partition instead of over its top. 



Model of old style fishway with alternate projections. 



Model of above" doubled to return near the dam. 



Model of fishway with alternate projections, those 

 on one tide being at right angles with the sides of 

 the wfty, aud those on the other slanting up stream at an 

 angle of45°. 



The Royal Prussian High Bailiff (Landrostoi) shows a 

 working model of the salmon pass near Osnahrueck, on 

 the Ems, at Haneken, in Holstein, having partitions run- 

 ning across with notches on alternate sides. 



Mr. Carl Schuster, Freiburg in Baden, has one on the 

 above plan, turned on itself, "and a few brook trout four 

 or five inches long in it, which appear contented to re- 

 main in the deep pool at the bottom and breathe the well 

 or oxyginated water which comes to them as they crowd 

 to the, surface near the lower aperture to receive it. This 

 model is of tin, ten feet in length, if straightened, and 

 is one foot in width ; the bottom being covered with 

 gravel. 



In the collective display of Thueringen (the district of 

 the Thuringian or Hercynian Forest) is shown, by the 

 Fish Cultural Society of Ohrdruf , a model of McDonald's 

 (American) fishway, labelled; '-'The latest model. Or. 

 Schramm," but no acknowledgment, leaving the observer 

 to suppose that Mr. Schramm was the inventor. 



Mr. Heimich Ruebsornen, to-out eulturist at Welscho- 

 nenderf , near Bad Ems, has a model of the old »tyle of 



way, with the alternate projections and the improve- 

 ment of having the bottom covered with boulders and 

 big rocks as well aa gravel. 



The Fish Cultural "Society at Heilsberg exhibit a fish- 

 way labelled " for small brack trout." If has partitions 

 running across, with a round hole in the bottom of each. 

 The fall in this model is one foot in two, thereby causing 

 a doubt as to its being made on an exact scale. No par- 

 tjculais are given as to the height of dam overcome, or, 

 in fact, whether it is an actual tnodel of an existing fish- 

 way or an ideal one. If the former, it would be inter- 

 esting to know the height etc., its well as the size of tha 

 fish which can climb so steep a staircase. 



AMERICA. 



Considerable ingenuity has been expended upon fish- 

 ways in America. 'and most of the models exhibited by 

 the United Stales Fish Commission wen ma 

 Charles C Atkins, of Bucksport, Me., to a definite scale, 

 which affords the student all the information as to 

 height, length and fall or inclination. They are all made 

 in pine andcoaited with shellac, making a very attractive 

 collection. Which is much admired, the only exceptions 

 being the "McDonald" and the Shaw fishways, which 

 were made and sent by the inventors themselves. They 

 are also classified and arranged in groups according to 

 genera, as "spiral," groove, inclined, etc., and again into 

 species, as, "inclined fishways with steps," and those 

 without. First, we have 



"Groove lishwav : " Model of Fishway. James D. 

 Brewer, inventor. Muney, Lycoming County, Pa. In 

 this fishway the water runs in a zigzag groove, which 

 breaks its force without the formation of eddies. Pat- 

 ented. 



Box, step or pool fishways : " Model of fishway. 



James D. Bre 

 Steck. In t 



means of tr; 

 " Inclined 

 vania fishway. 



Jin 



Pa. Patented by Daniel 

 i retarded in its descent by 

 rse sloping floors. 



i without steps : " Model of old Pennsyl- 

 . Built at Columbia, on the Susquehanna 

 River, in 186(5. Designed bv James Worral. Scale, one- 

 eighth of an inch to the foot. C. G. Atkins, Bucksport, 

 Me. A plain shute. 



Modefof old Pennsylvania fishway. Built at Colum- 

 bia, on the Susquehanna River, in 1873. Designed by 

 James Worral, Scale, one-eighth of an inch to the foot. 

 C. C. Atkins, Bucksport, Me. 



" With partitions at right angles : " Model of rectangu- 

 lar return fishway. Scale, one-fourth of an inch to the 

 foot. C. G. Atkins, Bucksport, Me. 



Model of the fishway over the dam at Holyoke, Mass. , 

 on the Connecticut River. Patented by E. A, Brackett, 

 Winchester, Mass. Scale, one-eighth of an inch to the 

 foot (1-90). Model by C, G. Atkins. A submerged piece 

 of cob-work, surmounted by a grating, serves to turn the 

 fish into the fishway. It carries a column of water two 

 feet wide arid two "feet deep, which reaches the bottom 

 with no perceptible increase in velocity, the current be- 

 ing less than two miles an hour. Height of the dam, 

 thirty feet ; length of the fishway, 440 feet ; the incline. 

 one in fifteen. The lower end is turned upon itself for 

 a short distance. 



" With partitions placed obliquely." An adaptation of 

 Foster's plan. Model of one built at Pembroke, Me. 

 Designed by C. G. Atkins ; lias partitions running partly 

 across and sloping slightly upward. 



Model of Foster's fishway. Invented by H. H. Foster, 

 East Macbias, Me. Scale, one-fourth of an inch to the 

 foot. Same as the above in arrangement, except that the 

 partitions have a sharp inclination upstream, 



Model of oblique fishway. Invented by Alfred Swazey, 

 Bucksport, Me,, in 1876. Scale, one-fourth of an inch to 

 the foot. In this one the partitions run entirely across, 

 but are lower on alternate sides. 



Model of the fishway at Lawrence, Mass., on the Mer- 

 rimac River. The Brackett plan of partitions ; foot 

 turned on itself for a short distance. 



" With rectangular compartments." Fishway designed 

 by Everett Smith, civil engineer (and Commissioner of 

 Fisheries of the State of Maine), Portland, Me. Scale, 

 1-33. A long sluice leads the water down stream to the 

 head of the fishway, which is reversed, having its foot 

 near the dam. The ordinary semi-partitions from alter- 

 nate sides are divided by longitudinal ones into squares, 

 one of which in each section is covered with gravel, while 

 the alternate one is bare. 



Model of rectangular compartment fishway on the in- 

 clined plane system, in an extended arrangement. Scale, 

 one-half of ah inch to the foot (1-24). C. G. Atkins. 

 Turned near the foot. 



" Spiral fishWay ;" Model of Pike's spiral fishway, de- 

 vised by Hon. R. G. Pike, of Connecticut. Scale, one- 

 half of an inch to the foot (1-24). C. G. Atkins. In this 

 way the partitions are very long, and run from opposite 

 sides. 



Model of rectangular compartment fishway on the in- 

 clined plane system, in spiral arrangement, devised by 

 Charles G. Atkins, of Bucksport, Me., in imitation of 

 Pike's spiral fishway, Scale, one-half of an inch to the 

 foot (1-24). C.G.Atkins. Showing thi great economy 

 of space tind material effected by the spiral arrangement. 

 Farther advantages of the spiral arrangement aro the 

 facility with which water can be admitted at different 

 heights of tho river, and contiguity of the outlet to the 

 dam secured, so that the fish will readily find it. Has an 

 upper aud lower sluiceway, to be used at different stages 

 of water. 



Model of the fishway at Bangor, Me., on the Penob- 

 scot River: designed by Charles G. Atkins, and built by 

 the city of Bangor in 1877 at a cost of $0,000. Scale. 1-33. 

 Height of the dam, sixteen feet (4.1 meters). This is a 

 working model, and one of the finest make. It has rec- 

 tangular compartments covered with gravel, and flash- 

 boards on all partitions in the upper portion. The sluices 

 are arranged iu a sloping manner, in order to admit the 

 water at different levels. 



Shaw's fishway : A spiral arrangement ol' deep penis ; 

 designed and exhibited by B. F. Shaw, Anamosa, Iowa, 

 (Commissioner of Fisheries for the State.) Lithographs, 

 with complete specifications, accompany it. 



" Moving float fishwav : " Model of Everleth's fishway. 

 devised by F. M. Everleth, M. D., of Watdoboro'. Me. 

 Scale, one-quarter of an inch to the foot (1-4S). C. G. 

 Atkins. The peculiarity of this fishway is 'the movable 

 , attachment at the upper end, which, by its own buoy- 

 ancy, rises and falls with the fluctuations of the river, 

 I thus ensuring that the entrance shall always be at the 



