518 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



LJoxv 29, 1880. 



which the American 



bold hie 



i to stand and win. Farrow has long 



led fro 



b was take.n a i 



Hided • 



ihort range 

 much for 



boei 

 -work. He is sue 



the help in In- L-ni 

 thrown over, and in his pin 

 unstable shot, but in ibis particular instance totally unprepared 

 for elevation to a pln.ee on the team. That tie was BO unprepared 

 is only in keeping with the whole management of the team, and 

 the Maine can bo laid only at tne door of i.ba captain (?) of the 

 team. There is a cabled story that Hyde and one of his men 

 quarreled over the possession of a cask of sherry, and that the 

 team man, for reasons satisfactory to himself, no doubt, preferred 

 to take Hyde's assertions and promises in writing: rather than 

 by -word of mouth. 



As Anally made up. the Hyde team included Jackson, laird, 

 Scott, Brown. Hyde, Dudley, Gerrish and Rockwell. The British 

 team were divided into four Irishmen and lour Englishmen 

 squadded into two groups at targets H and I, according to the na- 

 tionalities. Young, Fenton, Joytit and MUner were the Irish 

 •contingent, while the Englishmen were Bates, Evans, Godsal and 

 Humphries. 



The firing opened at 9:45 with ploasant weather prevailing : by 

 10 o'clock, however, the clouds began to gather, and it was evi- 

 dent that there was to be a downfall of rain. It came before this 

 range had been fired over, but not till the partiug shots. The 

 Britishers, with then- superior organization, had been enabled to 

 fire promptly, one after another, while the Hyde men prolonged 

 their miserable performs nee until thev were caught In the rain 

 on targets. Scott, Laird, Jackson and Rockwell shotin order. 

 .Seutt opened with a bullseye, Laird and Jackson following with 

 the same, while Rockwell went oil' into a center on target C. 

 Hyde, Gerrish, Ijudley and Brown followed in ordor. The open- 

 ing was poor, and while Gerrish and Dudley secured a bullseye, 

 Brown took only u center. On the other targets seven bullseyes 

 and a cente r were the openings shown, placing the figure for the 

 tirst. rounrj at Halford Team 39, Hyde Team ffl. On the next round 

 the totals showed Halford Team 71.1, Hyde Team 74. On the nest 

 round A clean score of bullseyes from the Hydo targets and a sin- 

 gle center on the part of the British men kept them only one 

 poi'jt apart. But with the fourth round a pair of inners from the 

 American targets widened the gap between the totals, and the 

 Hyde men thereafter had a hopeless stern chase. They never 

 icaino within hailiug distance of their opponents. Not a single 

 inner was made on the British targets at this range while the 

 Americans had no less than twelve of them, with a miss thrown in 

 to help the down pace. While the British average was 72i In the 

 possible 75, the Hyde squad scored but 118 at this range, and a differ- 

 ence of 36 points killed anything but the most remote chance of 

 a victory for the visitors. 



With the opening at 900 yards it was evident that the Hyde men 

 were utterly demoralized. While the British opening round was 

 .37, the opposition was but 31, Rockwell sending a bullet into the 

 earth before the target. He changed his gun, taking a reserve 

 ona from Scon : but, after a few shots, of which the majority 

 were misses, he went back to his own weapon. The weather, 

 dining this time, was very favorable. Though the wind veered 

 frequently and rather sharply several times during the day, 

 the changes were not such as should have prevented skillful rifle- 

 nnen from making good scores. The light was simply uiagnill- 

 uetit During the first stage it was a cold, leaden gray, but ob- 

 jects were very distinct. As the day advanced, the light became 

 •more mellow, and the targets stood clear and sharp cut against 

 sine butts. Before the second stage was finished, " gun fire " noti- 

 IU-.1 that lunch was waiting. Sir Henry Halford made a strenu- 

 ous effort to induce the military officers in charge of the butts to 

 Continue the shooting until the scores were complete, but in 

 vain. After an hour's interval, the shooting at. 900 yards was com- 

 pleted, the score board showing that the Americans had fallen 

 behind 44 points. At this range tne British team was 80 points 

 ahead, with victory assured. 



It was evident when the 1,000 yards stage opened that the Amer- 

 icans had given up all hope of winning the match. Each man 

 shot for himself, intent, only on making a comparatively decent 

 showing In the mass of inferiority which the Hyde team had be- 

 come. The Britishers were a tritle careless, too, with their vic- 

 tory so well assured, and the result shows that the American 1,000 

 yards total was a point ahead of that made by the Britishers. The 

 grand total, however, came with a, difference of 79 points In favor 

 of the Halford team. 



The actual work of the teams in detail may be seen in the fol- 

 lowing scores:— 



THE HALFORD TEAM. 

 Yard: 



By ranges the scores stood :— 



. 74 



Milner 



Fenton 



Humphrey,.. 78 



Tomtg 70 



Baker 73 



loynt , 71 



Godsal 72 



Eva 



. 74 



Totals 580 559 



Averages 72J «9f 



HYDE TEAM. 



Jackson 72 60 



Laird.. , 67 71 



Scott.. 73 07 



Brown 71 71 



Hydo 09 63 



Dudle 



100 

 164 



Name. 

 J, K. MUner 



A. P. Humph rey 



Major Young 



J. Russell Joynt. . 



Totals- 

 ...5 4 555 55 5 5 555 5 5 5-741 

 ..55545 5 5 5 5 5 5 444 5-71 V212 

 ...o 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 5 2 5 5 5-67) 

 ...55554555455555 5-731 

 ...555 5 a 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 3 5-71 J-209 

 ...5 5 14 4 3 5 4 5 5 4 3 5 4 5-65) 

 S00....5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5-731 

 )- 000.... 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 :! 5 4 5 5 70 1-207 

 ) 1,000.... 5 5 i 1 G 8 8 5 5 8 2 4 5 4 5-84) 

 ) BOO. ...54545545554455 5—70 I 

 i- B00... 3 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 I 4 5 4 4 5—87 WOB 

 5 5 3 5 5 4—69 ) 



800, 

 . , SOO, 

 11,000 

 1 800. 



;■■ DOC 



i 1,000 



) 1,000.. 

 I soo . 



5 3 5 4 



r, 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 — 71 V205 

 35 5 55533355542 4-61 ) 

 800. ...45555455548555 4-71 



90O.._ 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 6—73 V 204 

 1,000. ...43544334355 5 i 4 5-61 ) 



800. ...5 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5-72 I 



5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 3 5 5 3 4-68 -202 

 5 5 4 5 2 3 13 4 4 5 5 4 4 5-62 ) 

 55456055555555 5—74 1 

 5 4 454545555545 d- 00 -203 

 35435454504 5 3 5 4—59 i 



THE BTDE TEAM, 



) 1,000. . 



) 1,000. . 

 ) 800. . 



. ;- ooo 



1 1,000 



W. H. Jackson [ 9(Xh" 



(1,000-. 

 I 800.. 



O.H. Laird B00. 



1 800 . 

 Dr. S.I. Scott V 900.. 



) 1,000 , 



1 800., 

 .I.F.Brown )■ 900.. 



i 1,000.. 



I soo.. 

 Frank Hyde - 900. 



1 800.. 



v**" hZ: 



I 80ft. 

 W. Gerrish V 900. 



i 1,000. 



| sou. 

 n.S. Rockwell y 000. 



) 1,000. 



.5555 4 54 

 .4554554 

 .2 5 5 34 5 5 

 5 4 5 3 4 5 4 

 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

 .4 S 4 5 5 5 5 



.'5 5 5 5 4 I 4 



.04455 



.3 5 5 5 5 



A 5 5 5 5 



.5 2 4 5 4 5 4 



.5 4 5 8 3 5 3 



.35 4453 5 



i 5 5 5,05 



5 5 5 5 5 15 



..564 5042 



.3 5 4 5 52 4 

 4 5 5 5 5 3 



.0 4 40 05 4 

 ..3 4 35525 



5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5-72 ) 



5 5 5 55 5 4 4-69 V 209 



4 5 5 5 5 5 5-08 ) 



5 5 5 5 4 3 5 5-67 1 



4 5 5 4 5653-7 Lj-205 



4 4 5 5 14 5 5-H7 ) 



5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5-73 I 



4 5 5 5 5 3 4 4-67 V203 



4 4 5 4 3 4 5 5-03) 



5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4-71 j 



3 4 i 5 5 5 6 5—69 l 



5 5 5 4 4 3 3-04 -IDS 



4 5 5 5 5 3 5 5—66 ) 



5 5 5 i 5 4 5 5-06 ) 



5 4 6 5 5 3 t t-iii ,-197 

 5 5 4 3 5 5 5 4—67 t 



ii o \ 5 ;! 6 5 3— BO '-ISO 

 1 5 4 5 2 5 2 3—58 t 



4 5 4 3 5 (I 3 3—54 1 



5 45 46 4 3 3-50 L K4 

 5 4 5 3 4 3 4 5-60 ) 



Gerrish 72 80 68 



Rockwell 61 50 60 



Totals 544 615 609 1,568 



Averages 68 64* 63i 196 



Halford team, grand total 1,617 



Hyde ttaui, grand total 1,568 



Halford team over Hyde 79 



Without going into the scores made on this side the water in 

 international matohes which ran us in the second day of the Brit isb- 

 Auieriean match of 1877, where the American team total ran up 

 to 1,670, the figures of the Halford team on Saturday last are the 

 best, ever made at Wimbledon in a team match. 



The Eloho Shield scores for the seven years during which the 

 new round bullseye target has been in use stand as follows :— 



800 Yds. 900 Yds. 1,000 Yds. Total. 

 (Scotland..... 504 



... 483 

 . 465 



462 

 473 



460 

 440 



I England 



lovo ; Scotland 



(Ireland 



1 Ireland 



IS77- Kugland 



( Scotland 



I Ireland 



1878^ England 



(Scotland... 



. 537 



548 

 540 



526 

 416 



1.378 

 1,506 

 1,503 

 1,502 

 1,463 

 1,458 



1,303 

 1,56,0 

 1,464 

 .1,439 

 .1.610 

 1,560 

 1.552 

 1.565 

 1,404 

 1,402 

 1,648 

 1,637 

 1,523 



Cowjmuus, OJMo, July 7th.— The Blioot for the new State Badge 

 closed to-day with a very clOBe run of work. On the day previous 

 the Westerville team retired with a lead of eleven teams, and one 

 yet to hear f rom— Richwood. The latter was out bright and early 

 thfs morning, and faced the target with a steady nerve. They built 

 up an evenly balanced score, and between 9 and 10 o'clock finished 

 the contest with 350 points out of a possible 500, being forty-two 

 better than Westerville, tho next best. The team was jubilant 

 over the result, and came to the city with their guns spiked with 

 brooms. They repaired to the office of the Adjutant-Oeuerul, 

 when Governor Foster mado a speech and presented the $100 gold 

 badge to the Richwood team. He also presented Mr. G. W. Speel- 

 in.'in wiili the $50 gold badge for the best individual shot. The 

 following is the complete team score :— 



COMPANY G, FOURTEENTH HEOIMENT, RICHWOOD. 



Spratt 



Cunningham.. 



Price 



G. G. Spirits.: 

 G. B. Tucker. . 



Sparks 



Ed. Price 



Woodruff .... 



Miller 



Field 



Total ... 



The team scores stood :— 

 Co. 1 0, Fourteenth Regiment, Westerville. 



Do. B, Eighth Regiment, Akron 



Do. D, Eleventh Regiment, Van Wert 



Co. A, Third Regiment, Covington... 



Co. K, Seventeenth Regiment, Hebron 



Governor's Guard, unattached 



Co. K, Fourteenth Regiment, Delaware... 

 Co. F, Fourteenth Regiment, Columbus .. 

 Co. F, Seventeenth Regiment, Coshooton 



.23444303 

 .43534 5 43 

 .4443424 4 

 .34504333 

 .44344444 

 .33343323 

 .44543443 

 ,44434443 

 .443 4 3044 



4 4-31 



3 4-38 



4 4-37 

 4 3-32 



3 3-3(1 



4 4-33 

 4 3 5.0 

 2 3—35 



4 2-33 



5 3-39 



350 



Co. A, (POU- 



Co. B, Fourt 



The indivi 



— th Regiment, Columbus 



;uth Regiment, Columbus 



ial prizes were contested for at another 



twenty shots, tho scores standing:— 



10. A. Martin, A Co., Third Regiment 



D. M. Bouland. D Co.. Elevenih Regiment 



John Rison, D Co., Eleventh Regiment -.- 



Charles Cilier, D Co., Eleventh R-giment 



J. W. Jones, n Co.. Eleventh Kca-irneut 



R.Craig, D Co., Eleventh Regiment ., 



J . J. Foust, B Co., Eighth Regiment 



J. Cunningham, G Co., Fourteenth Regiment 



V. W. Sprat t . f I Co., Fourteenth Regiment 



C. C. Shumttn, A Co., Third Regiment 



J. 11. Hike, A Co., Third Regiment 



G, W. Speelinan, A Co., Third Regiment 



11. Piatt, F Co.. Seventeenth Regiment 



George Httltsberry, K Co.. Seventeenth Reiriment 



D. W. Turner, K Co., Seventeenth Regiment 



Charles Davis, Governors Guard 



E. YV. Fields, G Co., Fo.ji ot 0. Ov ,., ■■ 



Frank Failing, Governor's Guard 



Sim. Price. Do* Fc urteenth Regiment 



F. S.Knox, Governors Guard 



J.J. Woodruff, G Co.. Fourteenth Regiment 



E.Priec.G Co., Fourteenth Regimen! . 



Miller, G Co., Fourteenth Regiment 



James Sparks, G Co., Fourteenth Regiment 



Capt. Tucker, G Co., Fourteenth Regiment 



G . G. Sparks, G Co., Fourteenth Regiment., 



TWIST VERSUS VELOCITY. 



Editor Forest and Strcdm :— 



The problem of the Influence of twist on velocity, is a very in- 

 interesting one to me, and if you will bear with me, 1 will 

 briefly give an abstract of some experiments of the United States 

 Ordnance Department, which I have not. seen published, bearing 

 this subject. The experience of these officers, with minds 

 trained in the investigation of these abstract Questions and with 

 the use of the finest instruments to be had' for the determination 

 of Initial pressure and initial velocity, should be taken with a 

 great degree of authority. 



In 1874, during an investigation of the srstem of "muzzle 

 rifling," the attention of the Chief of Ordnance is called, by a 

 prominont army officer, to tho " apparently great and unneces- 

 sary waste of force," caused by a twist of one turn in 22 inches, 

 adopted in the new army .45 caliber riflo. The question being 

 referred to Ool. Benton for Investigation, that officer reports 

 (i inhaniee Notes No. 30) and estimates, after a preliminary exam- 

 ination, the difference in initial velocity, obtained from a smooth 

 bore, .-15 caliber, and tbesaute barrel, grooved with a 22 inch twist, 

 at 49 feet per second. This estimate is based upon an approxi- 



mate valuation given to K, representing the radius of gyration 

 (0.13 inch) of tho ball around its longer axis, in an equation orig- 

 inated by him embracing all the elements of the problem. 

 "This loss" (he reports) "is no greater .than is liable to ocour In 

 a series of Initial velocities obtained with the same ammunition, 

 and produces but little variation in tho accuracy of Ore and In 

 the flatness of the trajectory." " In further confirmation of 

 this," the results of a series of experiments at the Fronkford 

 Arsenal is submitted (at 30Oand 500 yards), with two .45 caliber 

 rifles, one having a 23 inch and the other a 35 inch twist. The rifle 

 with the 23 inch twist at both ranges required less elevation than 

 the one with 35 inch twist; an indication that, in this instance 

 increased twist certainly did not reduce the velocity. Another 

 example is givun, to the same purport, from previous experi- 

 ments. 



Subsequently, by a carefully constructed and enlarged model, 

 f.ieut. Mctcalf fixed a correct value to K, the radius of gyra- 

 tion (equals 0.15661, which determined the difference in velocities 

 obtained from smooth bore and the rifle of the 22 inch twist to be 

 01 feet, instead of 49 feet per second. To test the accuracy of the 

 formula, two barrels were then grooved in exactly the same way 

 except the grooves in one case were straight, and In the other 

 case, with a 22 inch twist. Initial velocities obtained from these 

 rifles, with service charges (70 grs. powder and 40 gts. of lead), 

 showed for the first, 1,442 feet, and with the second 1,382 ref.t per 

 second, a difference of 60 feet, per second, a result agreeing closely 



ith that from the formula. Velocitiea'were then taken from 



a 23 inch twist and the 

 ,301 101 r and 1,371 feet pe* 

 reel per second— too 

 f initial velocities, taken 

 e charge and sat 



two "partly grooved" barrels, o 



other with a IS inch twist, will 



second, respectively, a differe 



small to take account, of, us in 



during these experiments, wit 



rifled barrel, there is a variation of 64 feet per second. 



On Nov, 20th, 1878, a series of experiments were made 

 under the auspices of the editor of the London />,"<«, by the well 

 known London rille milkers, the Messrs. Holland, to ascertain 

 the initial velocities and penetration of different rifles designed 

 for large game. No attention appears to have been paid to tho 

 twist of the grooving (as that feature is not reported); but one 

 experiment directly bore upon that point. The velocities ob- 

 tained from a 10 bore smooth-bore and a 10 bore rifle, each using 

 eight drachms C. & H. No. 6, and a 089i spherical ball, are given as 

 1,470 and 1,460 feet per Becond, respectively, a difference of only 

 10 feet— twist of grooving not given, but supposed to be moder- 

 ate. It is stated, in the discussion following, as being the ruleitt 

 Woolwich Arsenal, to allow 48 feet per second for error of instru- 

 ment in testing velocities. 



The results, from the above experiments, indicate that there is 

 little or no loss in velocity in the small bore rillea, between ti 

 moderate twist and a more rapid twist, whereas I am inclined to 

 ihink that, even at short ranges, increased accuracy is gained by < 

 the rapid twist. Judging from the results of experiments juBt | 

 made by me, to obtain accurate trajectories with different 

 charges and projectiles, by means of paper screens, at 258 yards 

 intervals, and comparing them with the trajectories and veloci- 

 ties obtained at the late rifle trial by the Messrs, Holland, I feet | 

 sure that, with the usual service charge and using the same pow- 

 der, 0. & n. No. 6., an initial velocity ia obtained of at least. I.S50 

 to 1,900 foot per second, the rifl^ having a 20-inch twist and 34- 

 inch barrel. Barometric pressure, 21.55 inches, which of course 

 should be aUowed for, in making a comparison for points, when 

 the pressu re is abo 1 1 1, 29.50 i riob.es. 



There is one point, in the discussion of this question, usually 

 overlooked : the necessity of a certain amount of confinement to 

 the powder, as, with all explosives, to insure its complete com- 

 bustion and devolop its maximum expansive force, it is apparent 

 to me that there are oertain conditions of powder charge, weight, 

 of ball, and depth and twist of grooving, from which no loss of 

 velocity need occur. As an illustration, t suppose that with a 

 .45-cal., 30-inch barrel, 95grs. of powder, and 550grs. of ball and 

 smooth bore, the maximum results are obtained, the powder 

 fully consumed and its full expausive force developed. Instead 

 of the 550grs. ball, substitute one of half its weight (say 275grs.), 



It is evident to me the 

 before the powder is 

 but, by grc 



conditions remaining the 61 

 ight ball will be forced from the tjj 

 ilting in a loss of no 

 barrel, with grooves more or less deep and with twist more 

 or less rapid, a certain amount or resistance is produced equal in 

 amount to the resistance offered by the 275grs., which r.-j. resents 

 the difference of weight of the two balls. On firing the light 

 ball from the grooved barrel the powder then will be fully con- 

 sumed, and its maximum expansive force developed and the 

 same "energy" (product of weight and velocity) will bo im- 

 parted to each ball at moment of exit from the muzzle. Under 

 the above conditions, it will appear that the twist, etc., would not 

 effect the velooity, though it always increases the recoil. The in- 

 that the smooth bore will not burn as much 00 w- 



ier as the % 



ixhaustiv 

 Ordnance De 



ived barrel, with same weight of ball. 



ii this subject, I will briefly recapitulate the results 



experiments made by Major. J. P. Farley, of the 



irtmeut, made to determino "what length of bore 



of service rifles gives a maximum initial velocity to the bullet.'' 



), 405grs.) experiments were made with 



.■lies to 122 inches. "The 



carbine) length 



feet) "the initial 



ich) tho velocity was 1,320 



90 inches, and from that 



aoticable character was 



dcd. At 90 Inch length, 



atimij a ireioeitj was «i- 



Ijoie (03.H inches) and ser- 

 powder, from lOgrs. to 14(1 



With the 



11 different longths of barrel, f 1 

 experiments conclusively show that 

 of barrel" (where the velocity was 1 

 rapidly decreased. At rifle length (H 

 feet. Then the increase was slow u 

 length to 112 inches no increase of 

 ;nd then the velocity retr 

 velocity 1,4111 feet; at 113 inches th 

 d, 142 feet. With service lengtl 

 Ice ball (405grs and varying charge; 



grs.) the velocities gradually increased until, at 120grs., the maxi - 



■elooity was reached (L538 feel per second), after which the 

 velocities rctrograied, with increased charges, to 1,434 feet. With 

 bore, service charge or powder and varying balls, the 

 highest velocities was obtained with the 330grs. (pistol) ball— 1,539 

 feet. With the 112 inch barrel, 12Ugrs. powder and 830grS. ball, a 

 velooity or 2,033 feet per second was obtained. Substituting a 

 405grs. ball in the last experiment, t ho velocity attained was 1,730 

 feet per second. With same length of bore, "so long as propor- 

 tional weights of powder and ball are preserved, the velocities 

 practically t he same ; as 1-lOgrs. of powder and SOOgrs. lead gave 

 a velocity varying but little from that incident to 70grs. powder 

 and 405 of lead." "When long barrels were tired there was Utile 

 smoke, but instead a small quantity of black dust, as it 

 BUed from the muzzle." "The report of the discbarge with 

 tho long barrel was light, and that of the short barrel heavy. A 

 lore rotated the ball perfectly, but less than 1 inch of 

 grooves failed to do so, and the recoil with the short, barrel was 



The conclusions arrived at were, that Inn lug in view the ques- 

 tion of recoil, accuracy, convenience of handling, etc., the service 

 rifle already adopted Cas also the service charge) was the proper 



