FOREST AND STREAM 
9 
1025 
10. Bubo virgi nlnruia, Bonap.—Great homed owl; resident; well 
.i»trilm led throughout theaountry. 
SO. Scops asla, Bonap.—Screech owl: abundant resident. Since the 
ntroduetion and'alarming increase of the house sparrow, these 
wis have resorted in increased numbers to our boro. (West Ches- 
er). The havoo which they ocoasion in the ranks of the English 
paiTOw should for ever recommend them to the protection of 
ho communities. 
21. Ot-ns tvtlsonianus, Lesson—Long-eared owl; as a resident, 
are. Du ring winter, gregarious and abundant. 
32. Brachyntus castinil, Brewer—Short-eared owl. When it oc- 
nrsln winter, which is seldom, is found In parties of from five 
o twelve. This species Michener records as “ resident, frequent 
o winter, rare in summer." 
23. Siinnwnwbulosum, Gray— Barred owl; winter resident, but 
lever common. 
DOES THE ATLANTIC SALMON SPAWN IN THE 
SPRING AS WELL AS IN THE FALL? 
rpl 
21. Wi/etafe aeadica, Bonap.—Saw-whet owl; rare winter visitant. 
25. Nyotea nirni, Gray—Snowy owl. During particularly hard 
Vinters,a few specimens are captured. 
20. Coccygus amerioanus, Bonap.—Yellow-billed cuckoo; cora- 
non, but not as plentiful as succeeding species. Two broods; av- 
•ivo, April 28th to May 10th. 
27. Oiceygus Rrythrophtltalmus, Bonap.—EWet-billed cuckoo: 
ibuudant. Two broods; arrive May 5th to Kith. 
28. Bylotomus pileutas, Gray—Bleated woodpecker; accidental. 
29. Pie.ua villonts, Linn.—Hairy woodpecker; resident; moder- 
itely abundant. 
30. Picnupubescaw, Linn.—Downy wood-peckor; abundant; occa¬ 
sionally two broods. 
81. Picus borealis, Weill—Hed-oockaded woodpeckev; “accl- 
lental; very rare." 
33. Sphympioug Vatius, Baird—Tellow-bellied woodpecker. In 
spring and autumn is abundant, but has never beeu observed by 
the writer during winter. 
83. Centunis earoUnus, Bonap.—Kod-bellledwoodpeclcor; rare; 
tpring, fall and winter visitant. 
31. .Welanerpes erytftrocephalus,' Swainson—Red-headed wood- 
uecker; oommon; rears two broods; in mild winters, resident. 
33. Cotaptes aumtus, Swainson—Flioker; abundant; rears two 
nroods, sometimes three; generally resident. 
SS. Troohilu^tMubris, Linn.—Humming bird; irregularly abund¬ 
ant. Arrives May 8th to 15tli. 
37. Chasturd peiafuia, Stephens—Chimney swift; abundant; two 
broods; arrives April 22d to 30th. 
38. Antrostomvs vociferus , Bonap.—Whip-poor-will; not num¬ 
erous : arrives April 22d to May 1st; rears two broods. 
39. Cht/rtlrlles jxipctue, Baird—Night-hawk; abundant; arrives 
May ith to 8th. 
40. Ceryle akynti, Bole—Bolted klng-flsher; quite numerous; 
resident mild winters, March Will to 25th. 
11. TyninnUs caroiinr.nuis, Baird—King bird; abundant; arrives 
April 20th to May 1st; rears two broods. 
42. ATyiarehus crinitua, Oiih.—Great-crested flycatcher; abund¬ 
ant ; arrives May 5th to 15th. 
43. Sayornis fuscus, Baird -Pewee; abundant; arrives March 11th 
to April 15th; rears two broods. 
44. Contopus borrows,Baird — Olive-sided flyca,toiler; rare, migrant! 
May 1st, 1804, a specimen was taken near Coatesvllle, Pa., by C. 
P. Wood, of Philadelphia. 
45. Contopus virens, Cab.—Wood pewee ; abundant; May 8th to 
loth. 
40. Emphlonax VraUlii, Baird—Traill’s flycatcher; occurs as a 
migrant; rave. 
1 47. *timpiilonav minimus.. Baird—Least, flycatcher; arrives May 
11 10th to 15th." 
. 48. JUmpidhnaj: acarlicus, Baird—Green-crested flycatcher;; 
abundant; May 5th to 12th. 
49- *Krnvidonau> flaviventiis, Baird—Yellow-bellied flycatcher; 
“May 8th to 14th.” 
60. Tardus inualMnus, Gm.—Wood robin; abundant; arrives 
April 19th to May 1st 
51. Twrdua palleui, Cab.—Hermit thrush ; common migrant; ar¬ 
rives April 25th to May 7th. *- 
w 52 . Tardus fusees ecus, Stephens—Tawny thrush; common mi¬ 
grant ; arrives April 7th to 25th. 
53. *Turdus sivainsonii, Cab.—Olive-hacked thrush ^migrant; ar¬ 
rives April 24th to May 4th 
54. Tardus nUgratmim, Linn.—Hohin; abundant; rears two 
broods ; sometimes winters with us. 
55. Sicilia sialia, Baird—Blue-bird; abundant; resident in early 
spring, autumn and winter gregarious. 
50. Begulits calendula, Lieht—Ruby-crowned kinglet; abund¬ 
ant ; migrant; arrives April 4tb to 21st. 
57. Repidusstttrapa, Lieht—Golden-crowned kinglet; abundant, 
during early spring and latter part of fall; winter resident. 
68. Anthus ludovldanus, Iicht—Tit-lark : winter resident. 
69. AlniotiUa vOria, Vieillot—Black and white creeper ; migrant; 
arrives A p ril 89th to May 1st 
00/ Parala tuner icana, Bonap.—Blue-yellow-hacked warbler; 
abundant; migrant; arrives May 1st to 10th. 
61. sprotonotarUi e.ilrea, Baird—Prothonotary warbler; “ 
02. GeotMypistl'icIWJ!, Cab.—Maryland yellow-throat; abundant; 
arrives May 5th to 12th. 
83, Oenthlypts Philadelphia, Baird—Mourning warbler ; rare; 
migrant; arrives May 3d to I5th. Specimens of this species have 
been taken by Harry Ganett, of Willistown. *■ 
64. *OeolhlypU tephrocutts,Calj.— Michener's warbler; “rare." This 
speoies, if in existence, I have never seen. Dr. Michener is in¬ 
clined to look npoa it as 0. agllis. 4 
05. Oporornls ac/llis, Baird—Connecticut warbler; migrant; rare 
in spring, but rather common in autumn. 
60. Oporornls forrnotras, Baird—Kentucky warbler; abundant 
arrives April 88th to May 8th. f 
67. Icteriaviridis, Bonap.—Yellow-breasted chat; common; ar¬ 
rives May 2d to 9th. 
68. Helmitherus vcrmtvorws, Bonap.—Worm-eating warbler; not 
abundant: arrives May 2d to 13th. +- 
69. Helminthophagapinus, Baird—Blue-winged yellow warbler 
moderately abundant; arrives May 6th to 12th. £ 
70. Helminthttphaga Chrysnptcra, Baird—Golden-winged warbler; 
rare - migrant; arrives May 1st to 12th. f 
71. Helniinthopliaga ruflcapUla, Baird.—Nashville warbler; not 
abundant; arrives May 1st to 10th. 
72. Hchninthaphaoiipereorlvti, Cab.—Tennessee warbler; migrant. 
„ I never saw this warbler in the spring, but have taken specimens 
/An the fall, 
fVin! Seiurus aurooapUlus, 8w.—Oven bird ; abundant; arrives 
iCripril 20th to 20th. 
Cj-' 74 . S. noveboracensis, Nut.—Water thrush ; migrant; arrives 
jpri 119th to 24th. Have taken this species in June, andfrom this 
think they breed. 
• g. hidoviekmus, Bonap.—Large-billed water thrush; rare 
(To be sontimsd.) 
5 -yont. 
HE habits of the salmon, like those of other food 
_ fishes, become modified by climate. It is unwise 
to generalize with any certainty of expression respect¬ 
ing a creature which is enabled to adapt itself to rivers 
only occasionally frozen over above tide-water, and the 
frigid streams of the Northern Labrador, which are often 
ice-bound for eight months in the year, and where the sea 
is frozen for miles outside of the estuary or bay into 
which they debouch. 
Eagle River, emptying into Sandwich Bay, Labrador, in- 
latitude 53 deg. 83 N., has been a uoted salmon fishing sta¬ 
tion for more than a century, Itisatill wonderfully produc¬ 
tive, as are many other rivers on that coast lying further 
to the north. Eagle River rarely opens before the tot of 
June, and closes again in October in its upper reaches. 
The bay takes in December or early in January. Salmon 
River, in Frobisher Bay, in latitude 68deg., is still more 
ice-locked, and yet abounds in salmon, The rivers in 
Ungava Bay are noted for their salmon, yet they are ice¬ 
bound for more than six months. 
Stationary and floating ice has been, and is still, the 
great natural protector of the salmon rivers in British 
America waters, Had it not been for the difficulties and 
dangers attending the setting of salmon nets and stake- 
weirs in the early summer, arising from floating ice, 
many salmon rivers emptying into the Gulf of St. Law¬ 
rence and the Atlantic, on the coast of the Northeastem 
Labrador, would have beeu depopulated long ago, like 
those on the Upper St. Lawrence abovo Quebec. But the 
descending ice in the spring freshets, together with the 
shore ice, practically introduces a close time, and per¬ 
mits a certain number of fish to pass up before the nets 
can he set. But the ice may have exerted in Northern 
rivers another influence, and protected the salmon by in¬ 
ducing habits suitable to the conditions under which" this 
fish very successfully maintains its existence in great 
force where ice most prevails. This habit is the spring 
spawning of salmon under the ice. 
The conditions accompanying the life of Salmo salar 
on the coast of Newfoundland and Atlantic Labrador in¬ 
dicate of themselves a necessary growth of adaptation to 
surrounding conditions. 
The mean time observed by Cartwright* of the firsf ap¬ 
pearance of sa lm on in Sandwich Bay (latitude 53 deg. 50 
min.) in a series of observations extending over seven 
years, was the 31st of June. The earliest spring arrival 
recorded was June 3d ; the latest July 8d. Still further 
to the Northwest, at the extremity of the deep fiords in 
the vicinity of Ukkasiksalik (latitude 55 deg. 55 min. N.), 
I was informed in 1876 that the salmon is always looked 
for by the Esquimaux on the day of tile first spring tide 
after the middle of July, and nqt before that date. Be¬ 
tween Sandwich Bay and Ukkasiksalik there are many 
salmon rivers and salmon fishing stations, in a distance 
of about 380 miles, and the mean time of the salmon’s 
first approach to the coast after the rivers open lies be¬ 
tween June 21st and July 16th, covering a period of 
twenty-five days, being later and later as we move 
toward the northwest. After leaving Fern Bay (Okpact). 
some fifteen miles northwest of Ukkasiksalik, salmon are 
rarely found on the coast until Ungava Bay is reached, 
because the rivers, descending from mountains which ap- 
jroach close to the coast line, are not suitable for salmon 
between Fern Bay and Cape Chidley, at the entrance to 
Hudson Straits. But in Ungava Bay, where the rivers 
come from the far interior of Labrador, and are large, 
salmon reappear in extraordinary numbers. 
The rivers on the Atlantic ’Labrador freeze over in 
November, and sometimes in October. Throughout the 
winter they are fed by a limi ted drainage which lies 
above perpetually frozen soil, at a depth varying from 
four to seven feet from the surface. 
The feeding springs and swamps must be nearly ice- 
cold for six months at least, and the drainage is of the 
temperature of melting snow, or nearly so, for about 
eight months in the year. The temperature of the water 
under the ice in the rivers cannot be more than two or 
three degrees above the freezing point of water until 
they open, and in summer the waters are warm only for 
a very brief period, Upon the supposition that one 
variety of the Balmon spawn in September, the eggs (on 
shoals) will be exposed to a temperature generally below, 
and hut rarely above the freezing point of water for a 
period of at least 150 days after the month of October has 
passed. This period of exposure to low temperature 
under ice will sometimes extend to 180 days, and in the 
case of an early fall and a late spring, to 190 to 300 days, 
If a variety of Salmo salar spawned in March or April, 
•under the ice, the eggs would hatch in July and August, 
giving them a period of 100 to 120 days: the fry would 
remain in deep pools during the winter,"and descend to 
the sea in the following summer at the age of about fif¬ 
teen months. 
The question arises whether there is any evidence that 
Salma salar has not been able so to adapt its habits to the 
climatal condition of some of the Labrador and New¬ 
foundland streams, that its spawning Beason has be¬ 
come adapted to those conditions, and that there may be 
two varieties, or rather two classes of salmon there, the 
spring spawning and the fall spawning salmon. It 
is stated by fishermen on the Newfoundland coast and 
the Labrador, that they have taken salmon with ripe 
spawn in them early in the spring. But something more 
is wanted than replies which meet a -wished for case. 
ThiB is provided in a well authenticated instance, offi¬ 
cially recorded in the journals of the Newfoundland 
House of Assembly for 1856, and as the record is inter¬ 
esting and precise, I give it in full: 
“In the month of March, 1835,1 received a fresh sal¬ 
mon as a present, which was taken the day previous in salt 
water, It contained, spawn of a large size, quite trans¬ 
parent, so that it might be presumed its time for shed¬ 
ding had arrived. In.November, 1841, thirty salmon 
were taken at one haul in a fresh water brook, at about 
three miles in the country. All of them were shedclers, 
and one which ,1 bought contained spawn as nearly as 
possible in size and transporency to the one above "des- 
serjbed, and its flesh, like that of the other, unfit for use.” 
This letter was dated and signed, “ Jos. Blackburn, Magis¬ 
trate's Office. Grand Bank, 3d Nov., 1856.” Grand Bank 
is on the south side of Fortune Bay. 
Now we know from Mr. B. B. Redding* that the Cal¬ 
ifornia s alm on ( Salmo quinnat) spawn in the upper 
reaches of the great rivers flowing into the Pacific in Oc¬ 
tober and November; also that there is another spawning 
period in the small coast rivers in January and February. 
These coincidences between the habits of Salmo quinnat 
•on the Pacific coast and the alleged habits of Salmo salar 
on the Atlantic coast are so striking as to leave little room 
for doubt that the Atlantic salmon, tinder the influence of 
different conditions, spawns in the spring as well as in the 
fall in suitable rivers. 
But there are other reasons apart from those advanced 
which render it probable that spring spawning is a habit 
induced by climatal conditions, and not an accidental 
occurrence in the case of a few individuals. On the At¬ 
lantic coast of Newfoundland salmon are not unfre- 
quently taken in the sea until late in November. They 
are found cast up on the beach after Christmas, and in¬ 
stances are known of their having been taken in seal nets 
during the winter, showing that they are then on the 
coast. In Nova Scotia we frequently have salmon in 
February in the Western rivers. In the Rhine the “ win¬ 
ter salmon” is a common fish and eagerly sought after on 
account of its fatness, but in all these recorded instances 
there is no mention made, as far as I am aware, of the 
spring spawning habit. They visit the rivers, but not 
always for the purpose of spawning, as far as known; 
still there is nothing which presents itself to my mind as 
fatal to the view that under more prolonged conditions 
of ice and low temperature schools of this fish should 
not acquire the habit of spring spawning. 
With reference to the runs of this fish in salt water I 
may mention that in Newfoundland and also on the Lab¬ 
rador, the headland fishery with nets is first pursued in 
tiie spring. According to an official statement made by 
the Stipendiary Magistrate of the Burin District in New¬ 
foundland (Placentia Bay) in 1856 the following results 
were then observed:—“ For the last ten or 
twelve years the salmon fishery has been pros¬ 
ecuted by placing nets off the headlands and 
along the shore and small coves exposed to the 
sea; in these situations it commences about the 
13th May, and a large description of fish is taken, weigh¬ 
ing from 13 to 25 lbs., and in one or two instances up to 
85 lbs. each, and nets of 6 to 7 inch mesh are now re¬ 
quired. These large salmon are always going to the 
southwest, arid disappear about the 20th to the 25th of 
June, when salmon of from 4 to 10 lbs. are taken during 
a month or five weeks after, with nets of a much smaller 
mesh, and whatever salmon may be taken in sheltered arms 
or bays, or about the brooks, are all of this description, for 
the large and first run of salmon are never taken but in 
situations exposed to the sea.” May not this large ran of 
fish taken in May and June he those which have spawned 
under the ice in February or in March, in sueh_ rivers as 
were accessible to them when frozen over. It is also to 
be observed that the salmon precede the caplin generally 
by about 12 to 14 days, and the salmon then caught about 
headlands are frequently found to be gorged with caplin. 
This shows that the caplin are at that period in deep 
water not remote jfrom the coast, and that the salmon 
feeding on them are in a very different condition to those 
which are taken in river estuaries, without any food in 
their stomachs, and preparing for the development of 
their spawn in fresh water, as commonly supposed, or 
seeking fresh water to free themselves from parasites. 
I think it is evident that if the habit of spring or win¬ 
ter spawning among certain schools Of Salmo salar can 
be practically verified, and the variety secured, its arti¬ 
ficial introduction might be attempted in other rivers 
than those of Newfoundland, the Labrador, and perhaps 
even Nova Scotia. The successful introduction of a 
spring spawning variety might mak e a supply of this 
splendid fish available at seasons during which it is at 
present either inaccessible or not fit for food. 
Henry Yotjle Hind, 
Windsor, Nova Sectia, Dec, 26th, 1879. 
* Latter to Professor Baird, published in the Thirteenth Annual 
Report of the Commissioners on Inland Fisheries of Massachusetts. 
£e& and 
FISH IN SEASON IN JANUARY. 
SOUTHERN WATERS. 
Pompano, TracMnntm carolinns. j Groupor, Epinephclpus nigrttlis. 
~ (two species). Family “ ’ ' ‘ ’ ' 
Trout (black bass), Centrorprie- 
tis alrarim. 
Striped Bass, or Rockflsh, Roo¬ 
ms Unealus. 
Tailorfish, Pomatomus ealtahix. 
Black Bass, Microp tervs saint ai¬ 
des ; 
Red Snapper, Luljanvs blackfordli. 
Dm 
Sciowtcicd, 
Klngllsb, Menticirrus nebulosus. 
Sea Bass, Seiwunm occllatus. 
Skcepshead, Arclwsargus proba- 
tooephalus. 
*“axte«n Years on the Coast of Labrador,” 
GAME AND FISH DIRECTORY. 
In Bending reports for the Forest and Stream Directory to 
Game and Fish Resorts, our correspondents are requested to give 
the following particulars, with such other Information as they 
may deem of valuo: State, Town, County; means of access; Hotel 
and other accommodations; Game aud its Season; Fish and its 
Season; Boats, Guides, etc.; Name of person to address; after the 
following model 
New Jersey.— Forked Biter, Ocean Co,—Readied via New 
Jersey Southern Railroad; time, 34 hours from New York City. 
Riverside House, A. H. Corwin ; $2 per day, 88 to $10 per week. 
Open all the year. Superior accommodations for families. Has 
a billiard-room, no bar. dame.— Duolts, geese and brant,from Nov 
1st. to May 1st; bay birds after July 1st; quail and Wilson's snipe, 
Nov.1st to Feb.1st; woodcock after July 3d. tHsh.— BlueOsh, June 
1st to Nov. 1st, weak fish, sea bass, king CbIi and sheopshead, all 
summor- Guides, with dog, $1.50 per day. Boat, with man, deooys, 
etc., $2 and $3 per day. Address as above. Further particulars, 
and photograph of place can be seen at oiBoe of Smith & Law¬ 
rence, 14 West Broadway, New York. 
Arkansas.— Jacltsohport, JaekBon Co.—Reached by St. L. 1. M» 
A- S. By., or by boat from any point on the Mississippi or tributary- 
rivers. Garni'.—Snipe, plover, ducks, geese, quail, turkoys, deer, 
I and bear. No end of squirrels, coons, 'possums, rabbits, eto-. 
I Fisti —Black bass, two sorts; striped baas, two sorts; pickerel, 
