A'or. SO; 1882. J 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



361 



andwtill-eT - pike seem bp be increasing in numbers. The deuce; iu fact, upon no evidence except a s 

 pickerels i-- also hiereasiri;; and destroys laire an alternate nativity of the two r.-i 



numbers of othor : i ! i pickerel pets -were onotiinekept hi i not Ops iblc tod i rata subl U ' 



nt the hatchery until ( lew u .■.■,], .. , Those fej- activil y in the same individual \- evervon 



"" wei-evowlivfldy, b .-■■-... , , , mol , ;l " ' 



over the water, fairlj iimipthg mit to seizo their prey. 

 This closes the- interview '\riti> die commissioner, bat his 

 annual report wi .,,, na h that will fairly 



5b . .: : ' ;. I i lie people of the State. 



A SUMMARY OF RECENT PROGRESS IN OUR 



KNOWLEDGE OF THE CULTURE, GROWTH 



AND ANATOMY OF THE OYSTER. 



BY JOHN A. RYDER. 



1 n S -aged in the piamaratiou of a monograph on this 



-15 important inollusk, 

 riterto discuss, as exhi- 



T=tl •, 



ivhicb it 



l of the 



anatomical, embryo: 



oyster 



economical asrpe 



investi jation, new tarns come to 



; - ii-.iis* t<-..pMiii; h h. sias |.o i 



ni.-> , I i.j willing t ) coutribut! Eat 



work. I ih I ■ 



as it may interest A nierican o 



host Of French, German ami I Mil 

 and that if the many confused W 

 ol the older observers are no1 

 science, the iu'esonl gen ration - 

 tigationareontbealerl pro - ; 

 and knowledge, such as was nfix 

 yoiu' UL.au of basin ess. -of what ; 

 T am a practical man and do no' 

 the vagaries of naturalists or i 

 sir, you w e ana of Shi soi whi 

 even many of the com 6 rteoi IX 

 to unrewarded empirical investi 



nature. Such practical m -i ':■■' 

 lectnallv. Th.f- .. r . n- !.■■ .„ 



of t. rustei s of lieges and otic r i 



detriment of scientific progress i 



k:jc the i ' a mtinc investi 



mediate. advantage of the privnl 

 Our government U not! short 



just j-.-i-i-- !■ . ■ now in: 



end shrliii.-.,. . . . .1 the SO] 



already attained. Not : . 



I -n its of the tedious cxpc.mi 



boraloi-vinve-i;.. 

 bbeprac m theii 



j ears in •:_•! this wil 



tuce. v, e in&j be certain. The ai 

 and can only be by scientific met 

 so-called practical men to toe co 



During the year pa ■; 

 oysters nave been iuv..- 

 these, [ m,iv -ay all he 

 them, nud one species 1, 



i ■ c Air. Bouchon 1 

 oi simi. a fin ire i (forts with o'ti 

 tion. Mr. I ■ a id h worked npi 

 Qdrea onffiilata, as it is known t 

 give a brief abstract of bis expe 

 iner essentially us reported from 

 trench Vendee 



Natural History to October 

 twonty-tJye years ago the I rtn 



the Tagics did hot exist on the c< 



vessel discharged its cargo into 



Banc de Richard. Here th i is 



cover an extent of from twenty-; 



vast bed which will soon be limited only by the banks of the I 



river. 



"Osti-ea edtilis is undoubtedly li 

 to the showing of Laeaz.-D" |,i--r,. 

 Eytou and Hart. Is it a self-fertili/.u 

 respect to this, nothing baa v fl beet 

 ing that, the genital g 



shell, which necessarily i 



ro eontiriii this alleged alternation tff se: 

 cal impossibility. 



I regard Davaias'e observations upon 

 reproductive or.'e.in- ;.■■■ •-•! ie+v. e- ••-, 'n 

 introduei.eie oi i nop» ■ - methods - 



I'' iii . talis of l 



i. ;.],'.' ire. ■ r '■ e i 



Duthier's Sour 



ctivityn physi- 



listologv of the 

 iade before the 

 •estimation. His 

 organ-, have ap- 

 Even l.aei.ee- 



nd very convex, up to the time when it is converted into 

 of the spat, which is at once developed in an unsynn.i i 

 ceee .- i ,, i . ,.' ■;..;. tends to i hnulai ' the rout led oufll It 

 ■ ■■ try,e»jept al the biago, Wl re no lateral growth of 

 y matter takes place As growth of the spat goi • 

 " fry shell is m 

 having tak n 



eliued slightly 



rd, the fixation evident! 



the' 



e ducts and Hi 

 rat tubular fol 





power, the 



Organs of Bojamia or ouarf-renni nppa 





Ogical and 



iudicatcO the appareoMy close relation 





ic^it tna| 



to the opeuiugs of the gen. ti ■ i : . 

 i.nrcs an >ci". rudimentary, hut >■■<■ 



slichtly developed condition in somew 



•ial in 



aid of mi 1 to the great adductor as in Pecten, on 





me. abroad; against the ujautle at eitlier insertion o 



i knoi 



i that thej v.-nl nil si. lc. Th eir extent is sometime 



tors a 



•v not idle, I tissue in their walls. Lastly 



: urate 



-7: ; meal - 



ciirat.cand ncarce.h lha TMmmiit ie ri-n; 



. biol 



Li'.Cl' ,'m.'!' 



Ji.ou' in Br. .mi's "Classen und Ordnui 

 111. Malaeozoa. riafe m. Figs. Sand' 

 [he :-inicr,urc of the gills, yvhich they 





rnplianoes 



ind of 



l .-, ■ - ■ . , 



la iiia-ceiit -,.i .•< ::;,,.. i alcawtiabi 



uow a 



nvthing of 



■...'..■- - - ■..:. .i.pi.ii-.hsherldnri 



ree " 



Very well, 



i ■ it,, , ■•-'aieb the writer 



Athel 



eneiita, ay, 



translating lrr.m the Di:t"b original. 1 



Lowe 



their being 



Dr. llroo',: -; ini eri.rt tation of the " T 



llHj.b 



nomeua of 





ittaehed by 

 .at the you 

 it without h: 

 eels this attael 

 The. shell; viz., 



tikn 



H-owmish 

 sly inac- 

 -i T, Wil- 



rbyJDf. 



•sure of 

 ee with 



it is fr- 

 its att 

 flake c 

 of the. 





vster entire from 



sewith it a little 



the [OWd ', .: i I ' 



iscope it is found 



where it, is C0U 

 pronounced 



by me 



upon v, 

 earli.ji 



ichioline from the n 

 inuedto deposit lai 



-. ., ;e, hjreivr rT , 1 



irked, onr 



ptat.ions of the 

 in our arpiaria 



lis of bivuh'e euibi 

 ujion a similar ii 

 . Kabl. Horstalso 



ved 



i.tpos- 

 In con- 

 ictiniie, 

 iv tarue 

 or renal 



e possibilities of the eultun 

 igland, as already noticed in tl 



Of these. Dr. Brc 

 not 



so fa- 



upon what they have. (I 



August with the invc 

 o tation at St. Jerome 

 tit which Colonel Mel). 



sit 



l vv 



;hall 



tring a part of the 



stigoTion in the I'. 



" !k,lVld. The 



lormaphrodite accordir 

 Costc, Davaine, "AI.Vl-.i;i 



ig hermaphrodite! iTii 



i (lc.iionSLi-aie.-l: ,- „.,; "-. 

 scnts the 



same degree of matn.riTy, it is probable that it docs not fee 

 date Itself. 

 "The Portuguese oyster is. on the other hand, ineontestably 



il. Like the'Amer 



■ fifteen days aft. 



unisexu 



e 01 - 



embryo 



connuoi 

 M. Bert 

 0. eduli 



thr. yon 



that tin. 

 gray so; 

 parei I : 

 elye'i 

 althougl 



pi-eciu'le the possibility of the • 

 respect to tl is pomt, Sowei er. 



iiient-s, or a'-*emp j t" h ., iui.b? 

 tive .-.-eel s , -e, . turi 

 the ieic of 0. • nmddli ad wi 

 tjiUzal on, altt c gh theexperin 

 I iiae Eor - be . asl two roar 



51. Brin.tely succeeded" iu , 

 jp awtutola The vital proptM 

 f'Lii!..-.! l..r two to three hours, 

 at, Vei don in seven hours. Thi 

 to the seventh day. The temp 

 dee. '. .'. (equal to about seventy 

 i'eeiutdation presented no difliw 

 if .irood spawn is used, mobile e 

 spawning takes place m 0. ron 

 gradually 



",'lh -j:i 

 prepared 

 suecessiy 

 [pitted to 

 pass out i 

 retain 



oyster, as shown by Br 



jm the sbelj. Neither ova nor 



mantle. The young of the 

 ide of the shell. ~ According to 

 a Quids in the mantle cavity of 

 ©table proportion, upon which 

 wished. M. Brandely found 

 jthc.r in the. form of white or 

 -.1 in sea water external to the 



m three days, the grav after 



taiuly deli 

 that, they I 

 the clean. 



the 



this short space i 

 ng apparently fixe 

 IB, How they wore 

 eans of a bvssus c 



a he 



e f . H 



id in-, 



y.-.te 



-shells UPC 



oved by fo 



ns. Holding the shells 



•r a strong "stream of wafer 



hem, Our conclusion was, 



that these young embryos 

 [selves. It was noticed that 



i o lie upon the side, with th 

 ntle projecting out over the 

 noticed in other positions, hi 

 icse were not normal, as wi 

 ng border of the mantle, ; 

 .. t.n I. Iv the organ bv which 

 rected-in faetC we will lear 

 iiionoi the fry is assumed a 

 >ly for us, our endeavors ton 

 nt. which had given us siu-l 

 ndecl in failure, although we 



again and again the chaTrac 



ed to be 



ivhc-h teicfr'. had 



.mobile.. 0SW5 e produced. The. 



it thirty or thirty -live feet square was 

 into which the animated products of 

 u- were poured, The sea water was pp.r- 

 pace through a bed of line sand, and to 

 ibled the experimenter to 



mil 



i- fo 



.- e 



of appa 



•ent i 



thai th..-, deposit ■-! lone is coi 

 borders of flu- valv, and not li 

 marked interruption of shell .. 

 tion is to be noted, iu fact fin 

 truncated on a hue with the hi 

 shelly deposit is continued oun 

 remind one of the lateral bin; 

 Scallop. The hinge border of t 

 bent upwards in conformity wi 

 nation of the hinge end of the f 

 this that the hinge border of tl 

 free. To sum np, we find that 

 permanently- fixed by a pallia! ■ 

 at the border of i t.s valvee -vil 



:'e:.m ■' 1 ■■ . .'.. 



Theliverfollieles.howcvcr.aru i 



life. Xo reprodneii 



Food was noticed in the stomal 



mainly of tests of ! 



mixed with particles of dirt. 



The pedal muscle fh'st notic 

 cbologist, \Y. H. Dall. I haw d 

 mens. It fe attached to the va! 

 sprtion is sometimes indicated i 

 purplish scar, it passes down 

 iu*t behind the palps towards i 

 tion of other mollusk-. As one 



ards it. is lost, probably in tht 



the ventral 

 which 1 1 



ide 



de. I hai 



il pr 



fry had 



blefoodorpo 



the rudi- 



tions of liver 7 



he shell. 



culls I find up 



ed to be- 



mulatod in soi 



rther on. 



beculse of the 



•d to the 



hind the an r 



n of the 



action. They 



that this 



tion to a great 



fixation. 



cell of the ovs 





itself in the li 



Ie result, 



removal from 



• precaiix 



aresimplv p< 



pparatus 



tended by the 



il.. ! CI "- 



and blOod o 





l-S.OOOth of an 





sitic ; none we 



ipon the 



auco of comiu 



ch I had 



During the ) 





nial carefully, 



row aiiv 



the female an. 



,1 op. 



1 the 



t extent. Tl 



na!. 



lged in color. The greened bj i 



jns line the heart and liave accu- 

 Otersticcs-of the. muscular tia- 

 [iiiietinies even packed down be. 

 i valves so as to impede their 

 :!y lost their amoeboid dispo~i- 

 imoebnl character of the blood- 



triking. and may continue to exhibit 

 rpuscles for four hours after i h.-n 

 The cysts (illedwithgrcene.il. 



pallial vessels which have been dis- 



per 



- \n 



This enabled the experiments! 



■' yos wituiuthe enclosm 



arous collectors 'immersed on the 

 that is to say m flic very center of 



the highest interest and may be of 

 .e-eially the means resorted to in 

 and loss of the embryos from the 

 tn M. Braudely'a statements as to 

 is in O. anrjulata, having learned 

 ie animals o5 that species. My-firru 

 will yet be found to be pract'icall;.- 

 e&ulis never show the hermaphro- 

 oductive organs, at least ;n such 



r the dev. 



id i 



cms organisms did not, I belie- , 

 ments. At all events, they remained of about 

 with which we started, although fo< 

 perceptible in the stomach rotating under the 

 cilia which lined the casnic cavity. They had 

 retradt the valum and mantle, but not ivholh 

 and velar musolea were therefore developed' 

 adductor, wufch CQUld be seen to actuate Lite 

 these .e.il.rwis were dev, -loped from the eggs Pi 

 paratns there cannot, be the -slightest doubt 

 water used was flrsl carefully filtered through' 

 mass of cotton woo) to remove imniirities and 

 ht 



The pallial 

 s well as the 

 -alvcs. 'that 



u'ti 



id i 





water 



and small, hurtful 

 the. open bay was 



akei 



;,^wV " 



of the mantle in this fry seems to mo 

 an impoi i. .nt fact in ih hcanng upon the maimer in which 

 . -u i he young animal is accomplished. Though it 

 is true there n .- -.- jrBt no timbo developed upon the shells of 

 ■ Mich a. may be seen when the larval shell meas- 

 ures from au eightieth to a ninetieth of an inch in diameter, 

 ■ . a line was straight as if the shell at this point was 

 In the last stage of development of the larval 

 sh-ll, which I shall call the umbo stage, this truncation dis- 

 appc.-i i a, i he umbos projecting somewh. 

 tunge, which fs still approximately i 

 teeth, contrary to the statement of i 

 lie unit 



if the 



thout 



Im- 



cloud of particles produced 

 the sex of the individual lroi 

 taiued. If the animal be a 

 stirring breaks up into wisp; 

 cirrus clouds or marc 's eul- 



ast season 1 have round after opening the aui- 

 th.it n is easy to remove, the ova. and mill Croxu 

 mat by stroking the generative ducts towards 

 icn the products can be picked up v. th a pipette 

 ropper" and 1 ransfersed to water free from e.\- 

 :rs of every kind. I have also found that w Inn 

 s dropped into water the character of tin- 

 the water at once detennm - 

 Inch the spawn has been ob- 

 cloud 





aks, which 



iter 



searc^yV 

 productn 



ciy 



i fertih 



■villi tin 



XJ 



.ml mill, from the 

 prognation. 

 by the nev, 

 plan of 



Thos> 

 ma., be taught to 

 lew methoit of re 

 eproductive organs 

 Ninety per cent. Of 

 method; a result 

 jhoppine up the n- 



with the mode 61 

 f a microscope, puts 

 chemo of artificial 



iblo fact of all t.i 



, the valves of the spat 

 l-ll. Or, rather, speaki 

 -its which are laid dowi 

 rjeet past the free edj 



went of the shelly substai 



the , 



ethod, togethe 

 ating the sexes without the use c 

 us in a fair way to realize some part of a : 

 propagation. 



Iu conclusion, I have tho most remark 

 discuss, viz., the total atrophy or 

 ductive organs at tho completion 

 Examining sections through the body-: 



oysters taken iu August last, I find that the whole of the con- 

 nective tissue subjacent to the mantle, and bet ween tho latter 

 aud the liver, has disappeared, together with all traces of tho 

 reproductive organs, ducts and all. At the first bend of the 

 iutestine there is still some of the connective tissue remain 

 iug, but even here and iu the mantle it has changed its cbfti 



the 



wholly dif- 



gbiB quotation taoitty admits the unisexuality of the "Euro- a prismatic ai 



Bean oyster, to which it evidently refers. The last part of tho fereut from that seen in the fry which is laminar, homogent 



emark, however, is founded upon the slenderest kind of evi- | ous aud uot prismatic, The fry shell is perfectly symmetri- 



substance had been used up aud 

 bodies— generative products— in 

 and extremely emaciated individ 



reproductive 

 i spawu-spout 

 ons from tndi- 





