364 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



8,H0i 



THEODATUS GARLICK. 



TEE FATHER OF AMERICAN FISHOULTURB. 



THE name of Theodatus Garlick, physician, surgeon, art- 

 ist and scientist, is a. familiar one to most readers of 

 the Forest and Stream. It affords us much pleasure to pre- 

 sent this week a portrait of the Doctor. It has been en- 

 graved from an am.broty.pe, taken when he was fifty-one 

 years of age, and allows him as he appeared when at the bus- 

 iest period of a well-occupied life. Before adverting to Dr. 

 Garlick's work in fishculture, the following brief mention of 

 his life will be welcomed. 



Tbeodatus Garlick was born March 30, 1805, in Middle- 

 bury, Addison County, Vermont. His father was Daniel 

 Garlick, a farmer, who married Sabra Starkweather Kirby, 

 daughter of Abraham Kirby, of Litchfield, Connecticut, and 

 sister of the Hon. Ephraim Kirby, who in 1804 was appoint- 

 ed by President Jefferson United States Judge for the Terri- 

 torial District of Louisiana. 



In 1810. young Garlick, then but a mere boy, eleven years 

 old, left his home for the West, trudging on foot and carry- 

 ing a knapsack. At Elk Creek, now Girard, in Erie County, 

 Pennsylvania, lie tarried two years, and then weut on to 

 Cleveland, Ohio, where he had a brother who was by trade a 

 stone-cutter. Here he spent some years and became pro- 

 ficient in the art of carving and lettering on stone, afterward 

 going back to his Vermont home to finish his education, 

 whicb had been irregularly received at the common 

 schools and under private tutors. In 1823 he again 

 returned to Ohio, accompanied by his father and 

 family. 



In 1839, when at the age of 24, he entered the 

 office of Dr. Ezra W. Glezen as a medical student, 

 afterward continuing these studies under the direc- 

 tion of Dr. Elijah Flower, then a prominent physi- 

 cian and surgeon at Brookfield. After some years 

 of assiduous study, and after attending full courses 

 of medical mho clinical lectures, he graduated at the 

 University of Maryland, in the city of Baltimore, in 

 1834. For many months thereafter lie bad the 

 benefit of close social and professional relations 

 with Professor N. R. Smith, who at that date occu- 

 pied the chair of Surgery in tire Mary land Univer- 

 sity. Declining flattering inducements to remain in 

 Baltimore, Dr. Garlick returned to Ohio and settled 

 in what became the city of Youngstown, where he 

 engaged in the practice of medicine and surgery; 

 and [.mowing bis tnsies and talents he made of the 

 latter a specialty. He spent eighteen years here, 

 his fame as a skillful surgeon growing all this while, 

 and then removed to Cleveland, Ohio, where he 

 formed a partnership with Professor Horace A. & 



Aekley. Here he was elected a member of the fffif. 



Board of Censors of the Cleveland Academy of 

 Natural Sciences. 



As a surgeon Dr. Garlick soon look high rank 

 among the profession in that city, and of Ihe coun- 

 try. He probably had no superior in tint mo;t 

 superior branch of the art, plastic surgery. He per- 

 formed numerous and most skillful operations of 

 this class, both in the Cleveland and Medical Col- 

 lege and elsewhere. One of the most important of 

 these was in the case of a young lady who had lost 

 nearly all of one side of her face and two-thirds of 

 the upper and lower lips by " sloughing " of the 

 parts. The whole side of the face was restored and 

 the deformity removed by the perfect fitting of flaps which 

 were cut up to supply the lost parts. Professor Johu Dele- 

 mater declared that thero was not a more difficult or a more 

 successful case of plastic surgery on record, and placed its 

 value in money at $10,(100. He performed the operation of 

 lithotomy with unusual skill and success, iu one case frac- 

 turing first and then extracting a stone which measured 

 three and a half by four and a half inches ; in shape like a 

 cocoanut. He successfully removed the half of the under 

 jaw twice, disarticulating in each case, and twice tied suc- 

 cessfully the carotid artery. He made some valuable im- 

 provements in the methods of operation for harelip, and for 

 fistula in ano; introduced new splints and dressings for frac- 

 tures, and applied the principle of anatomical models to 

 animals and parts of animals, and especially to fishes. 



Dr. Garlick had early developed a taste for art, and pos- 

 sessed much talent, for sculpture. He began his work in this 

 while in college, and subsequently made most creditable ad- 

 ditions to this branch of American art. While at the Mary- 

 land Medical University he produced bas-reliefs in wax of 

 five of the professors of the college, which were pronounced 

 excellent likenesses. The statuettes in basso-relievo of 

 General Jackson and Henry Clay, both of whom 

 gave him sittings, Were soon after completed. A life-size 

 bust of Judge George Tod, of Ohio, was another of his pro- 

 ductions, admired for accuracy and artistic merit- , 



His last work of art is probably his masterpiece, and has 

 a peculiar interest because of the circumstances under 

 whicb it. was coj Deleted. It is a life-size bust of Professor J. 

 Kirtland at the age of sixty, made in 1874. A disease of the 

 spinal nerves of more than ten years duration, and which in- 

 capacitated him from standing without the aid of crutches, 

 kept him closely confined to a lounge, and in a recumbent 

 positiorj, and while suffering acute pain, he modelled this ad- 



mirable bust. The bust was modelled partly from an alto- 

 relievo which he produced in 1850, and partly from sittings 

 by the Professor. It was most truly a labor of love. No 

 pecuniary recompense would have induced Dr. Garlick to 

 undertake it. His deep affection for Professor Kirtlaud en- 

 abled him to persevere in it until its completion. Dr Gar- 

 lick made the first daguerreotype picture (a landscape) taken 

 in the United States, and himself constructed the instrument 

 and apparatus to take it in December, 1839 ; besides making 

 in 1840 the first daguerreotype likeness ever taken anywhere 

 without requiring the rays of the sun to fall directly upon 

 the sitter's face — in other words, in the shade. 



This talent as a sculptor was applied in a most useful way 

 to the construction of anatomical models. He also made- 

 many valuable pathological models, which represented rare 

 forms of disease. -These models were duplicated, and arc to 

 be found in the medical colleges of Cleveland, Cincinnati, 

 Buffalo, Charleston, Toronto and elsewhere. They are con- 

 sidered to be superior to the works of the celebrated Auzoux 

 of Paris. 



THE 1-IONEER IN AMERICAN FISHOITLTURE. 



It is as the pioneer in American fishculture that Dr. Gar- 

 lick's name will have the most enduring fame. Attracted by 

 the reports of the experiments of Gehen and Remy in France, 

 he at once recognized the practicability of artificially increas- 

 ing some of our more valuable species ; and, being an angler, 

 naturally selected the brook trout to begin with. Associ 



I 



THEODATUS GARLICK. 



From an ambrotype taken at tlierage of fUty-one. 



ating himself in this enterprise with Prof. H. A. Aekley, Dr. 

 Garlick started for the Saut Sle. Marie to obtain adult fish 

 for this purpose, in the month of August, 1853, while Prof. 

 Aekley prepared a pond for their reception by making a dam 

 below a spring on his farm, which was some two miles from 

 Cleveland. The first attempt at transporting fish from the 

 Saut Ste. Marie, nearly 500 miles, was a failure; but three 

 subsequent attempts resulted in placing 150 trout in the 

 pond. In September he made atrip to Port Stanley, Canada, 

 and brought more. It was supposed that the journey would 

 interfere with their spawning the same year, but in this the 

 experimenters were agreeably mistaken. On the 30th of No- 

 vember the fish had so far progressed in nest making as to be 

 ready to occupj r the beds scooped in the gravel : and on the 

 following day the Doctor caught and stripped the first pair 

 of fishes so treated on the continent of North America. All 

 the details of development, which are now so familiar to fish- 

 cult mists, were then veiled and unknown. Were the little 

 eggs impregnated ? Would they hatch? 



It was forty- eight days, or not until Jan. 9, 1854, when the 

 Doctor placed one of the eggs under the microscope and saw 

 an unmistakable embryo. Thirteen days later a fish 

 emerged from the egg, and the triumph was complete. 



On the 14th of February Dr. Garlick described these ex- 

 periments and their success in a paper read before the 

 Academy of Natural Sciences of Cleveland, O., which was 

 published in its proceedings, and from which the above 

 facts are taken. In December, 1850, he exhibited micro- 

 scopic views of the embryo trout before the same Academy 

 at three different meetings, and sh wed the changes in the 

 structure of the embryo at different ages. 



In 1857 he published a book entitled "Fish Culture," 

 which was for years the standard authority on the subject ; 

 a second edition, revised and enlarged, appeared last year, 



and was reviewed in Forest and Stream of 8 



Dr. Garlick's early experiments in fishculture 

 lished in the Ohio Farmer and at that time dii 

 much attention outside of his own circle of :• 

 nor did his experiments and successes striRp the pnbtio" 

 having any practical bearing upon the every-day conco 

 life in the way of increasing the food supply, whi 

 no way scant in his State. Indeed they were rs 

 as a curious recreation of a gentlemen addicted 

 experiments, and as a harmless way of spending his time m\ 

 money. Unfortunately for trout culture the Doc 

 sesssed of an ample income and therefore fell no 

 to enter into the breeding of fish as a business vec 

 push it. He had demonstrated the fact that it. v. ■:.■ 

 to breed fish and proved it his own satisfaction, as ,,, n 

 that of his neighbors; he had published the ; 

 work in both scientific and popular ; papers) am 

 matter rested. Had he been a poor man his nati 

 siasm, added to his native energy, which in 

 showed his great powers of pushing things to the 

 limits, would, even in that early day, have e, 

 interest in the culture of fish which would have- 

 start that it did not acquire until fifteen years Inter. 



Although he saw in the artificial breeding of fish « m 

 and important industry he had no conception of 

 tions that he has been spared to see it assume, 

 it pass from the stage of scientific experiment to an 



pursuit, and from that to become an imports i 

 partment in the internal economy of neaily ov^r? 

 State in the Union by the appointmei 

 Commissioners with State and National appife] 

 priations more or less ample for the 

 of food fishes. He has watched Ihe inti 

 of fish egss with foreign countries ami LI 

 raent of ova to the antipodes. He I 

 salmon restored to the Connecticut River; e, .' 

 successfully planted and grown on the I 

 where they were unknown, until fresh shad 

 novelty in the markets of San Francis 

 seen the fishes of the West firmly e 

 the East, until the trout of California I '., 

 perfectly acclimated there. He has n< 

 that the sea-fishes also have been pr 

 that the cod and the Spanish mackera «ii ■, ■■ 

 creased by artificial means. Truly a 

 spect for the pioneer in American fiskeull 

 a glorious record with which to close a 

 useful file. 



During the past j ears of phys 

 which Dr. Garlick has been prostrated. Iiii 

 been clear; and now in his se\eaty-t.i: 

 watches the Forest and Stream for iu„ nj .<■. 

 ments in fishculture. He has teen an 

 contributor to iis columns and has lately been mud 

 interested in the culture of carp, of v. 

 pond and hopes to see them increase. He was* 

 diligent student of natural history and otbei kindle 

 sciences. Professor J. P. Kirtland was ti 

 only preceptor in natural history, and was his in 

 limate friend and associate for mem 

 years. In 1857 the Doctor described the large- 

 mouthed black bass of Ohio wales as < 

 loma, its specific name being his own am 

 of its large mouth, a name so appropriate that it is 

 unfortunate that it has to give way to the law M 

 priority and be passed into the realms , 

 When in health Dr. Garlick stood six feet two iactaUi 

 his bare feet, and weighed 325 pounds. His magnificent 

 physique and even, genial temperament enabled him to per- 

 form an unusual amount of work requiring endurance anil 

 patience. The brief outline of his life given 

 record of a busy, well-spent career, well rounded 

 achievements in different spheres of work; it is tbe sketch : 

 of a remarkable man. 



Dr. Garlick has been married three times. Hi 

 second wives were sisters and daughters of I 

 Flower, his medical preceptor. He had two child 

 second wife, one son, Dr. Wilmot H. Garlick, and om 

 daughter. In 1846 he married Mary M. Cbltteodeu, Tul | 

 third wife, by whom he had one daughter. 



We are indebted to the courtesy of Prof. Alfred -M. 

 Mayer, of Stevens' Institute, for the data respecting the 

 relative velocities of a rifle bullet and of sou 

 subject was brought up by the reported eitcumstancc* 

 attending a target marker's death, it being asserted \'< ' 

 marker heard the sound of the rifle when fired, and tnt" 

 stepped out and was killed by the ball. 



The Wide Correspondence printed in our co 

 day, is suggestive of the great variety of Aineri 

 and of the extensive territory open to sportsmen in tan 

 country. December is in many States the last month W* 

 general shooting ; with the first of January com ei 

 of the season. 



Invalids in the Woods.— We are promised I 

 respondent Nessmuk some pertinent facts about the AdiTO"' 

 dacks and the people who go there to get well. The subject* 

 of grave importance, and its discussion in our columns vru 

 be followed with interest. 



