Iunu*s vj, L88&] 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



493 



■wholesale BS It fish store, in the city until 1S07. In that year 

 Mr. EbtnBKer Niokerson opened the flrat store of the kind, it 

 being I qo rated f-n Long Wharf. For fifteen yetUH this was 

 the only store encaged in the Lmsines* In 1830 two other 

 firms were started. From this commencement the business 

 grew, i he grODora giving it up to those exclusively engaged- 

 New flans started Efotn time to time, as the business inereasd. 

 From the firat settlement of Boston up to 1835, the fresh 

 fish business was only carried on in a retail manner, by 

 boats lying at the docks, and teams standing about the mir- 

 ket; ice was pot used, and the canning of fish had, probably, 

 not been i bought of. During the summer season the trade 

 was confined [0 a near-home demand. During the winter it 

 was teamed inward as far as Albany and Montreal. The 

 citeii fame from Massachusetts Hay and was supplied by the 

 small fishing vessels from this and neighboring ports. During 

 cold weather, in a -frozen state, it was brought to market by 

 teams from Cape Arm arid ports between. The oyster busi- 

 ness was of small prop, union, and carded on from two small 

 hulks cowed iu and used for storage below, and stores 

 above. The. oysters mostly came from Cape Cod, never 

 from south of New York, and from July to September no oys- 

 ters were sold in Boston, As the demand for fresh flab io- 

 • teased, DeUa r facilities were needed to handle the catch, and 

 , the. /'>■•""' wlwitmle fresh fish store waB opened on Long Wharf 

 in 1885, Messrs. iloibruok. Smith & Co. being the pioneers. 

 Their business was mostly during the winter and spring 

 months : through the warm weather it was confined to pickled, 

 dry, or smoked lisu. In 1838 this firm removed to Commer- 

 cial Whan, baiug the first firm so engaged on that wharf , 

 wuich, al the picsent rime, is the headquarters of the trade, 

 with thirty-five wholesale firms in the immediate vicinity. 



Up io 1845 the catch of ground fish was solely by hook 

 ami band-line. About that year the trawl was first intro- 

 duced by fishermen that had used, or seen them used off the 

 coast of Ireland. During i860 the gill nets W6ra introduced, 

 with goi id result, by the U. B, Fish Commission. At the 

 present, time all three of the methods arc used by the market- 

 fishermen. In the mackerel catoh the purse seine superseded 

 all previous methods, and is now almost exclusively used. 

 Its use is said to dale from 1855, although it did not come 

 into general use for a number of years. 



As we have previously alluded to the decrease in the num- 

 ber ol ■ • - els I ugaged in the catch as not necessarily oausiog 

 a lihe decrease in the ftmOUot of the industry or of the pro- 

 duels, it is of interest to note, with only one exception, lhe 

 of mackerel on record, as inspected in Miss i- 

 chmells, was in 1851. Iu that year With Uts. honk andline 

 3i0 000 barrels were caught by a fleet of 853 vessels, 

 hailing from thirty Massachusetts pons, with eighty-seven 

 vessels from other States, a total of 040 vessels manned 

 by 9,90;) fiibermea. During the past year with the purse 

 seine a catch of 391,057 barrels was murie with -a fleet of 

 chusetts, New Hampshire and Maine, 

 engaged. We do not propose to dis- 

 to the benefit or injury to the business 

 capture, only to show that the business 

 e present time, with half the number 



Irn r.TjKXi-i.; of the Miss. — Mr. James Annin, Jr., the well- 

 known trout culturist of Caledonia, N. Y., calls our attention 

 to the following paragraph, on the depredation of minks in 

 trout streams, taken from the Hartford, Oonn,, VitttrdMb: 

 "Since the decline in the price of mink furs these anim ds have 

 been but little sought for or trapped, and the result is that 

 thry have increased to such an extent, as to seriously impair 

 the trout Balling, and in some of the smaller ponds and 

 Streams stocked with this fine fish they have been entirely 

 caught out and exterminated by the minks. Mr. George 

 Wright, of this county, has this season caught nine of these 

 pests iu the streams in this vicinity, the largest of which 

 weighed throe and a quarter pounds and measured twenty- 

 seven inches from tip to tip." Commentiug on this, Mr. An- 

 nin writes to us: '• I fully agree with the article, and think, 

 from my own observation, that the trout brooks suffer as much 

 from the depredations of the mink during the close season as 

 they do from the legitimate fishing of the angler during the 

 open season. My opinion is that if the Slate offered a bounty 

 for the offenders the trout would ba more numerous. — J. 

 AsKts, Jr." 



398 sail frot 

 will] i 858 l 



cuss the que 

 b 3 the « y- 



i Mass 

 sherrnei 



of vessels eng 



yearly grown 

 This branch < 

 year the emu 



Of imp 

 if the b 



ing.d' 1 



St almost every eatable variety, has 

 .nee, and is now of large proportion. 

 Less dates only from 1845, in wirich 

 Obsters and shell fish began in Maine — for 

 some lime the only Slate that packed fish iu tin cms. It has 

 been bul. u few years since the canning of fish began iu Bos- 

 ton, yearly increasing iu amount. B melee* rJs'a, now well 

 known, and neatly packed iu packages of from five to thirty 

 pounds each, is found in all the leading grocery stores from 

 the Atlantic to the Pacific. This manner of preparing fish 

 dates back many years, with but little attention giveu lo it 

 for a long time. Of late years the demand from the ferti- 

 lizing factories for the refuse left from cutting lessening the 

 C03t of preparation, with the cleanly manner of placing on 

 the market and the saving iu fi eight, has made it justly popu- 

 lar willt the trade 'lhe demand yearly increases, its prepar- 

 ation, with the canning of fUh, gives employment to a large 

 number of men and women. 



it hardly seems possible that an article so universally used 

 as ice was unknown to the fish trade forty years ago. At the 

 present time no market fisherman would think of starting on 

 his trip (except iu winter) without ice, any more than with- 

 out bait or seine. During 1845 vessels firat began carrying 

 ioe to sea with them, and dealers to use it in packing fish for 

 shipment ; previous to that date its use was considered in- 

 jurious to the fiSh. At the present time about 20 000,000 

 pounds are annually used by vessels and dealers. Through 

 its use, fresh fish are now shipped at all seasons of the year, 

 as far inland as Chicago. 



As far back as we find any record of the fishing business, 

 we find lhe use of nets of some kind in taking the catch. In 

 past years those used by the New England fishermen were 

 mostly "home made." During the winter or stormy season 

 the. fisherman, with wife and family, found plenty of work in 

 making nets. Oi laic years their use in the various branches 

 of the fisheries has largely increased. They are now nearly 

 all factory-made, of a' .great variety, including the fine tlax- 

 thread net of the shad fishery, the larger purse seine of the 

 :el and menhaden catch, the large drag net3 of the 



is numerous other varieties, 

 his city give employment to some 

 girla, furnishing most of the 

 i western lakes and rivers, as well 

 es, with some demand for export. 

 in was started in 1843; from that 

 re all hand-rnade. In the latter 

 .roduced iu their manufacture in 



southern fisheries, as well 



Two large taetori 

 five hundred persoi 

 seines and nets usct 

 as the Atlantic coas 



The first factory 

 date until 1305 the 

 year machinery wai 

 this city, and is now almost exclusively used. We have 

 briefly alluded to the various home branches of the fishing 

 industry. Another branch largely represented in Boston is 

 that of the Provincial catch sent to the Boston market for 

 sale. Our tables of monthly receipts will show the amount 

 of the past year, which is less than the average of late years, 

 caused by the pariial failure of their catch. The earliest 

 record of the importation of mackerel that we find is of skoen 

 barrels in 1821. From that dale up to 1831 only a few 

 hundred barrels nerc annually imported. In the latter year, 

 4,553; increasihgup to 1841, to 10,837 i from that year un- 

 til 1S-19 .he reeoidswere destroyed by fire. In the latter 

 year it bad increased to 1 38 505 barrels ; and yearly, from 

 that date-, from 50 000 to 100,000 barrels of mackerel, with a 

 large amount of all the other varieties of fish caught in the 

 Provinces, find a read? market in Boston. 



The late Capt, T. J.Jones is credited with being one of 

 the first pioneers iu the importation of fish from the 

 Provinces, being engaged as master of the Boston and 

 .Halifax mail packet from 1835 until 1844. 



W. A. W iloo s ! l a Beport Bvslun Fish Bureau, 



sgislimltun. 



THE GREAT GEKMAN FISH HATCHERY. 



W T 



fish, 

 .utht Ai 

 are Pro 



.„ Emr. 



ite thn 



etural 



itidt) 



followioj 



e,:.;,bJ!h] 

 from the 

 of Alsr 



is the 



i.-,titr,tie 



I the 



uliat account of the Govemmout 

 it at Huenmgou iKaiserhehe 

 trtenbiuhi. 



again part of the 

 it establishment at 

 miles from Basil, 

 frontier of Baden, 

 ras for twenty years 

 'eminent of France 

 »reatest lisheultural establishment 



(Status), no* 



splendid tUhenltu 



r Coste for the Gc 



was from a German brain that the first idea of tishculture 

 nit;, it being the cUsOOyery of Lieutenant Jacuby, who pursued 

 the subject for itself alone, and was not troubled about its scien- 

 tific bearings, nor its publication. Therefore, a poor fisherman 

 of the Verges, named Bemj, some twenty-five years later, has the 

 credit of re-dis. overiiig it. The uame " fishculture" (fUchznclit) 

 was devised by Professor Coste, and the linage erf the press made 

 Lb so lasting that the PrenSa Government could net change it,, 

 but lined it of necessity. It is not our intention to give a com- 

 plete description of fisheuituro in this article, yet wo deem it 

 necessary to remark concerning it that artificial fishcrdture is an 

 art of the highest importance to the political economist. 



The name "artificial rishcnltnre" is an unlucky misnomer, as 

 can readily be seen, if the object of producing cheap and valuable 

 fishes is not lost sight of. The farmer doe* not speak of arti- 

 ficial horse or sheep culture ; neither should the fishculturist. 

 The so-called artificial culture of fishes is merely a complete imita- 

 tion and following of the processes of nature, and the more com- 

 plete the following the better the snceeFs, 



At a certain time of the year the fi-h begin their migration to 

 seek a proper place to deposit their spawn , with some fishes, as 

 the Mimou ; the distance is of ten considerable. Others merely 

 come from the deeper waters to the shallows and deposit their 

 ova, either on the water plants or iu the gravel We will, how- 

 ever, confine ourselves to the habits of the different species of 

 trout. Late iu autumn the male and female ascend the streams 

 to the springs, where they find the proper temperature, where the 

 female makes a uest in the gravel with her tail, which, in the case 

 of large salmon, is Ironi four to five feet. long. Iu this liest she 

 lays her eggs, which are immediately fertilized by the milt of the 

 male. The female then covers the eggs with gravel and leaves 

 them. The embryo develops, arid in six or eight woeks a creature 

 emerges from the egg, which would not be thought, by one 

 unfamiliar with it, to be a fish. The young fish resembles a 

 narrow- thread, in which the eyes are the most prominent part, 

 aud on the under side of this thread haugs a pear-formed, or 

 globular-shaped, disproportioned bag, the yolk-sac or umbilicus. 

 This sac ia gradually absorbed, and the embryo grows and as- 

 sumes more the shape and appearance of a fi»h. until in about six 

 or eight weeks it has disappeared, and the little creature is a per- 

 fect little tisb. Previous to this it takes no food. During the 

 these periods of egg and embryo life it is exposed to many 

 dangers. Among the enemies to the eggs may be named trout, 

 smalt fish of other species, which destroys tire eggs and enibryoB 

 in great numbers, ducks, geese, blackbirds, starlings, frogs, 

 salamanders, beetles aud their larva, larva of dies, crayfish, water 

 mice and rats. If they escape thoi-e enemies, they are then ex- 

 posed to others as they enter into fishhqod. In the culture of 

 trout, the fish aro caught when fully ripe and the eggs pressed 

 from the female ; theu a few drops of milt from the male are 

 applied. After this they are placed in the hatching troughs, 

 when thev are protected ami Latched. 



The buildings at Hueningen consist of a central building, 140 

 feet long by 35 feet wide, aud two breeding houses, each 180 feet 

 long by 35 feet wide. Great numbers of streams supply the eggs 

 with water from a Bluing, which is brought, iu a canal of mason 

 work. Four turbine wheels, propelled by the Khiue-Khone canal, 

 pump continual Btroamsof crystal water-, twenty feet high, into 

 seven large basins, from which'it is distributed through numerous 

 lead pipes into all these buildings. The eggs lie thinly exteuded 

 upon glass rods. Part of these rods lie iu cement canals and part 

 in earthenware boxes, and part of them in large breeding troughs 

 40 feet long. 



At Hueuingen only the host of fresh water fishes, its winter- 

 spawning ones, or those of the salmon faaiilv, to which belong 

 the salmon, lake aud brook trouts, salmon trout, salbling, " f el- 

 cheu" (a species of wr< 'joints), the Danube salmon fsalmo InwhO), 

 and the grayling. 'The eggs of lhe last-named aro obtained iu 

 the spring, and their- eggs are difficult to transport in the warm 

 weather. Many hybrida have been made aa between salmou and 

 trout and Balhiing and trout, and they made excellent qaick- 

 growing fish. 



From ten to twelve million eggs of the above-named fishes 

 represent a capital of many thousand thalere. The oggs are ob- 

 tained from many portions of SwiUorlaud and South Gui'uiauy. 



MICHIGAN FISHCLXTimE.— Detroit, Jan. 12.— We have 

 about 23,00(1,001) Whitehall eggs iu the jars, and a liner lot of eggs 

 were never seen before. We shall endeavor to keep them back as 

 late as the 23th of May to Jnuu I . East year we did uot close the 

 hatchery until the 0th of Jnue, and no one ever saw such a fine 

 lot of young white fish before as they were. There were no sick, 

 pale ones among them, but strong aud active, and almost black. 



At the brook trout hatchery at Paris, Mecosta county, we have 

 between 300,000 and ifiibbuil trout eggs, all doing finely. Com- up 

 and see us, for we have some more good Tories to toll, although 

 I don't think they aro quite as good as Judge Putter's was, at Chi- 

 cago, a year or so ago. Yon will doubtless remember that to your 

 dying day.— ScoorA. 



IfEPOKTS OF FISH COMMISSIONS.— The wilder meetings 

 of the Legislatures ol the Different States hring theu- annual 

 orop of III ports ol Fish i ommmsioners. FnRSSiASn SxitEAHre- 



e.i-, - ■- ■ ;v, and often two copies, from each State, for notice 

 andnroew, While wo are thankful for a single copy, we leel a 

 greater gratitude to those who are thoughtful enough to send a 

 duplicate. Iu after years it is almost impossible to obtain copies 

 dating a few years hack, aud their value increases with time. 

 Those who are fortunate enough to possess complete sets of the 

 reports of any ouc State, covering ten years or more, prize them 

 highly. In reviewing i! is often convenient to clip part of a page 

 en the, and this spoils it for preservation. Therefore while they 

 are plenty, as they always are at f hue of issue, we cast this bint 

 for a duplicate upon the waters of the Fish Commissions 



EGGS FOR FBANCE.-Prof. Baird shipped, ou Saturday, the 

 14th, by steamer libera, rf the Bremen line, 250,000 eggs of the 

 whifefish aud 20,000 brook trout eggs for the Societe d'Acclimata- 

 tion. Thev came from the United States hatchery at Northville, 

 Mich., which is in cbargo of Mr. Frank N. Clark, and were re- 

 packed at New York by Mr. Mather, Thev will be lauded at South- 

 impton, Euglaud, and sent across the channel. The North Ger- 

 uau Lloyds have been very successful in carrying boxes of fish 

 ■gga, their captains taking a personal interest in them, having 

 tbem iced daily ou the passage when the boxes were too large to 

 go in the ice room. The liberality of this line in forwarding eggs 

 and fish for the U. S. Fish Commission and the Germi n Fishery 

 Association, free or charge, and thereby contributing to tue grand 

 work cf international exchange of valuable fishes, is worthy of 

 great commendation. It is one of the best aud safest lines on the 

 ocean. 



FIXTURES. 

 BENCH SHOWS. 



January IT to 20, si . John, N. B. Second Annual Bench Show. t±. 

 W. Wilson Secretary. 



March 7. nttsburg, Pa. Bench Shew. Ohas. Lincoln Superinten- 

 dent 



Mays, 10, D and Vi. Boston, Mass. Third Bench Show of the 



.vbiYVL.iini-ciry Kennel Club, litlwarJ J. Fur=r.si, ftvivrai y ; <'lni-,. 

 Lincoln, Superintendent 



FIELD TRIALS. 



September. National American Kennel CfubFteMTiialsonPralile 

 C'htckens. Jos. U. Pew. rolumbla, Thud., Secretary. 



bee. '.iiber. :<*::■ \in>n ejini tie: ,-.. i ' ,i,r, . -ni V ib. : ninn 



Grand Junction, Tenn. D. Bryson, Memphis, Tcnn., Secretary. 



TRAINING VS. BREAKING. 



Is Ten Chapters— Chap, tul 



HOW rare it is to see a strictly first-claes dog. Good ones 

 we rnav fiud in abundance ; but the paragon, who has 

 no tailiugs and ail the virtues, is — alth ugh otten heard of — 

 seldom seen. Glancing back through the many yeais that 

 we have ardently followed the delightful sports of lhe field 

 vvc cau call to mind but few among the many dogs that we 

 have seen afield that come up to onr standard of ejcellence, 

 aud those, almost without exception, received their early 

 training among the ruffed grouse. There is something per- 

 taining lo the pursuit of these must cuuuing birda that is po- 

 tent to sharpen the wits and develop the intelligence of your 

 dog that you will fail to find accompanying the pursuit of any 

 other game. It is for this reason that we endeavor to give 

 our dog his first lessons in the field upon this bitd. We are 

 well aware that more thau one writer of renown strongly 

 condemns this best of birds as totally unfit to train a dog 

 upon, taking the ground that they are so very difficult to 

 bring to bag i bat the dog becomes discouraged. We know 

 that the reverse of this is true, for we have given scores ol 

 youngsters their first tuition among these noble birds, and 

 we have yet to see the one who showed the first indication of 

 anything of the kind; on the contrary, we have ever found 

 that— after one or two successful encounters with these most 

 wary birds— no matter how long and unsuccessful the chase, 

 our pupt.'s ardor was not checked in the least, but seemed to 

 iuci ease.with each successive def< at. 



As we have before remaiked, it is hetter that nothing be 

 said to your dog upon his first introduction to game, at least 

 so long as he does nothing wrong, as this is an entirely new 

 experience to him, and should you bo'her him with ortlers he 

 may become confused and fail to perform nearly as well as 

 he would if left entirely alone. Great care must be taken 

 that he be not kept too long at work. We have ever found 

 that the best results were obtained when we have taken our 

 dog home after an hour or two, or even sooner, yvhen his per- 

 formance had been satisfactory. We have often taken him 

 home at the end of a few minutes even, when everything had 

 gone just right and we bad by abundant praise and caresses 

 impressed indcllibly upon his' mind that his behavior wa-s 

 pleasing to us, thus leaving him to ponder over the matter In 

 a happy state of tnmd that would cause him to look forward 

 with eager anticipation to future enjoyment of other blissful 

 hours among the birds, instead of going on and, possihly, be- 

 ing obliged to take him oil' at a time when something of a 

 disagreeable nature had occurred that would exert a depress- 

 ing influence upon his siaccptable mind and, perhaps, cause 

 him to dread or, at least, to feel indifference about repeding 

 the performance. A fter one or two outings, and he has be- 

 come s imewhat accustomed to the new experience, you 

 cau safely commence to teach him as to what he may and may 

 not do; you cau in a measure control hi-- range and dictate as 

 to the direction that you wish him to take, "using great care 

 that you do not restrain him too much at first, but very 

 slowly and by easy steps gradually teach him to look to 

 you for guidance ; and if you pursue the proper course he 

 will soon obey your lightest word as readily as when taking 

 his regular lessons at home. Tbis result can be obtained in 

 this manner much sooner and much bet'er than by trymg 

 to control him and to make htm do everything just right 

 from the start, only bear in mind mat when you do otder 

 him to do anything insist upou prompt obedience every time. 

 Among the first things that you should endeavor to instil 

 into his mind is the knowledge that he must "work to lhe 

 gun." This can be very easily accomplished if you will pursue 

 the proper course. In the first place, under no circumstan- 

 ces should he be allowed to Qush the birds. Not so much 

 perhaps that it will make himuos'eady, for many dogs can 

 be taught to flush their birds to order without detracting 

 from their steadiness, but such a course we have ever found 

 decidedly unsteadies the wary grouse and renders iheiu less 

 liable to lie close than when ihey arc walked up by the hunt, 

 er. This is a'so the case, although iu less degree, with the 

 quail. With the woodcock we ch> not believe that it makes 

 much difference, yet we would advise under all circumstan- 

 ces, no matter how great the temptation, your dog be not 

 allowed to flush his bird, for many really good dogs are 

 ruined by this practice, besides, us a rule, toe more kill- 

 ing, as well as sportsmanlike way, is to walk up your 

 bird. This practice you will fid will soon make you a 

 belter shot than you can ever hope to be if you constantly 

 keep in the openings and tru 5 t t i the chances there to be 

 obtained. Your dog will also improve much faster if you 

 pursue this course, for he will instinctively realize that you 

 are with him body and soul, aud consequently he will 

 put forth his best efforts and soon learn the grand secret of 

 " working lo the guu." This very valuable trait is rarely 

 found in a dog unl-ss the gun has first set the example by 

 working to him. Ponder this well and try to realize what 

 the thoughts of your dog must be when you leave him on his 

 point and, sneaking off to one side, or perhaps to his rear 

 out of tight, bid him put up the bird which he knows lull 



