96 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
about one inch thick, deeply fissured, the furrows interrupted, 
the ridges broad and flat. 
Southern Arkansas to Mississippi, Texas, and Mexico. It 
is the commonest elm tree of our area, and reaches its maxi- 
mum size along the Guadalupe and Trinity rivers. 
The wood is reddish brown, heavy, hard, strong and brittle. 
It is used for hubs, furniture, and fencing. The tree is fre- 
qnetly planted for ornament and shade. 
2. Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm. A forest tree 40°- 
90° high and with a trunk diameter of 2° or less. The branches 
are short, stout, ascending: and form a rather open crown. 
Bark thin, with shallow fissures, hght reddish brown with flat 
ridges. The young twigs develop corky wings which are per- 
sistent. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat 
scythe-shaped, rather sharp-pointed at the apex, 114’-3’ long, 
wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, doubly serrate, the teeth 
eurved inward, thick and firm almost smooth above, pubescent 
below. The flowers are borne in the early spring before the 
leaves unfold. The fruit is ripe at about the time the leaves 
appear. 
Virginia, Indiana, I\linois and Kansas, south to Florida and 
west to Texas. It thrives best in dry soil. In Texas it extends 
to the valley of the Trinity River. 
The wood is heavy and hard, but not strong, close grained. 
It is used for hubs, handles for implements and fuel. The tree 
is extensively planted for shade and ornament throughout 
its range. 
3. Ulmus Americana. White Elm. American Elm. A 
large forest tree sometimes 100°-120° feet high and 6°- 
11° in diameter. The branches are upright, gradually spread- 
ing to form a wide spread rounded crown of great beauty. 
Bark ashy gray, 1’-114’ thick, deeply fissured, with rather 
broad ridges. Leaves oval to obovate-oblong, 2’-5’ long, dark 
green, and somewhat rough above, paler and smooth or pubes- 
cent below, abruptly pointed at the apex, unequal, at base, 
sharply doubly serrate. The flowers are clustered, borne on 
slender stalks, opening in early spring before the leaves. The 
fruit ripens with the unfolding of the leaves. 
Quebee to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas. The trees 
