98 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas. It extends 
into Texas as far as the Trinity River. 
The wood is of no economic value. 
3. CEHLTIS (Tournefort) L. The Hackberries. 
Trees or shrubs with simple alternate leaves, smooth, thin 
or warty bark, and scaly buds. The leaves are 3 rarely 4-5 
veined at the base, entire or toothed; staminate flowers borne 
in clusters, pistillate solitary or few together in axils of the 
leaves; fruit an ovoid or globose drupe with thin sweet pulp 
and wrinkled bony stone. The drupe hangs on the tree until 
early spring. The hackberry is our commonest shade tree. 
1. Leaves sharply and coarsely serrate........ 1. C. occidentalis. 
2. Leaves entire or with only a few teeth. 
a. Leaves densely gray tomentulose be- 
neath, few toothed, somewhat heari- 
shapéd-at base:.22 ) 032. 2 Reh So eee ee Blerrore 
b. Leaves smooth or nearly so beneath. 
(1) Leaves thick, strongly reticulate 
veined with a few teeth........... 3. GC. reticulata, 
(2) Leaves thin, entire, slightly curved 
lanceolate to ovate lanceolate...... 4. C. Mississippiensis. 
1. Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. White Hackberry. 
Usually a small tree 30°-40° high and 1°-2° in diameter, but 
occasionally much larger. The trunk branches a few feet 
from the ground into a few large limbs. The small branches 
are horizontal, forming a broad rounded crown. Bark on 
youne twig green, somewhat hairy, becoming reddish brown; 
on old trunks thick, light brown or silver gray, with short 
ridges or warty exerescences. Leaves ovate, 2144’-7’ long, 
usually long taper pointed, slightly heart-shaped or unequal 
at base, usually sharply toothed occasionally entire margined, 
thin, smooth or nearly so above, hairy beneath. The flowers 
appear during April and May, they are small and inconspicu- 
ous. The fruit is a globular drupe 14’ long, dark purple. It 
is sweet and edible. The tree is known in some localities as 
sugar berry. 
St. Lawrence Valley to the Gulf States, and west to Texas 
and Manitoba. It occurs only in the eastern part of Texas. 
