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Preface 



Tlic number of "Minnesota Plant Studies" i- a companion guide to 



the tliird edition of "Spring Flowers." It is prepared for the purpose of enabling 

 high schools t" begin work with flowering plants in the fall, and thus give the stu- 

 dent some preliminary knowledge and training as a basis for the field and garden 



work in the spring. For this reason, cultivated specie- as well as native one- 

 included, and special attention is given to the weeds, grasses and composites, which 

 play such a large and practical part in fall vegetation. An endeavor has been made 

 to include all the specie- found in bloom after September first. The majority begin 

 to bloom in July and August, so that autumn and spring guides together will serve 

 fairly well for the recognition of the summer species. For the sake of plant-lovers 

 generally, as well as for the incrca-inu r number of colleges and high schools with 

 greenhouses, all of the common specie- blooming (hiring the winter have been added 

 also. 



The flowering plants of the whole school year, from September i to June 15, both 

 cultivated and native, are now covered by the two guides to spring flowers and to 

 autumn flowers. In a few years it is expected that a summer guide will be prepared, 

 in anticipation of the time when a completely illustrated book of all the flowers of the 

 state will be possible. 



Britton and Brown's "Illustrated Flora" and Gray'- "Manual" have been freely 

 drawn upon in the preparation of the present guide, and acknowledgment is hereby 

 made of their aid. The grouping of the families is essentially that of the Besseyan 

 system of classification. The sequence is from pines and buttercups to pinks and 

 mints to roses and asters, and then to lilies, grasses and orchids. 



In addition to the list of publications in the following series, "Minnesota Trees 

 and Shrubs" is also available for students and plant lovers generally. In fact, it 

 supplants the "Guide to Trees and Shrubs,'' which will not be republished hereafter. 

 "Minnesota Algae" is also valuable for schools, health officers, water and fish com- 

 missioners, as well as to others who possess microscopes. 



MINNESOTA PLANT STUDIES 



1. Guide to Spring Flowers, third edition (15 cents). 



j. Guide to Trees and Shrubs, second edition (10 cents). 



3. Guide to Ferns and Fern Allies (10 cents). 



4. Minnesota Mushrooms (paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00). 



5. Guide to Autumn Flowers (15 cents). 



6. School Gardens and Greenhouses (15 cents). (In preparation). 



Copies of the above publications are sent free to residents of Minnesota. Ten 

 copies of Nos. 1. 5 and 6 will be furnished free to the schools and colleges of the state. 

 Additional copies may be secured at the price indicated. This is the price also for 



\ non-residents, who are not on the exchange list of the Botanical Survey. 

 FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS, 

 Head of the Department of Botany and State Botanist. 



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The University of Minnesota 

 May, 191 3. 



