2. CARROLL TOWNSHIP. F\ 165 



in the northern part of the township, east in the central, 

 and north in the southern portions, passing everywhere 

 under the Pocono sandstone of the Cove mountain. 



The lower part of these rocks consists of soft shales and 

 sandstone which, by disintegration, yield a warm and fer- 

 tile soil far superior to that on the adjoining olive shale of 

 the Chemung group. But their upper part consists of the 

 harder sandstone bed which skirts the outcrop near the foot 

 of the Pocono mountain, and form Pine hill, a wooded 

 ridge encircling the sandstone outcrop, to which it is an 

 outer line of circum valla tion. A narrow valley lies be- 

 tween the two ramparts, the water escaping by a gap near 

 Grier's Point, in Rye township, into Fishing Creek val- 

 ley. 



The terminal point of the syncline rises in a conspicuous 

 knob opposite the end of the Pocono sandstone of the Cove 

 mountain overlooking Sherman's creek to which these hard 

 beds form a barrier until near Duncannon it succeeds in 

 passing through them about a mile from its mouth. 



The Kingsmill sandstone. 



Entering from Wheatfield township this bed passes west- 

 southwest without any very strong show for nearly a mile. 

 It then crops out as a strong ridge on or near the land of 

 the Hon. Judge Junkin. It is here very fossiliferous but 

 the species are in great part different from those which occur 

 at the other exposures described in the account of Wheat- 

 field township. 



This bed continues towards Sherman' s creek where abund- 

 ance of loose blocks reveal its presence near Shermans dale 

 mill on the grounds of Mr. William Borroll and of Mr. S. 

 Grier. The fossils are abundant and in excellent preserva- 

 tion, brachiopods, which were rare farther east, being here 

 plentiful. They are very ferruginous and of course only 

 occur as casts. The persistence of this ridge over so great 

 an extent of country renders it a very valuable horizon. I 

 have not found it so rich in fossils along its south line of 

 outcrop in Carroll township, but this is also true of it in 

 the northern and northeastern townships where though rec- 



