9. MADISON TOWNSHIP. F\ 249 



the west of the township, but being lower at the east where 

 the Medina arch sinks it is there crossed by two roads. 



East Tuscarora mountain, like Conecocheague, is an un- 

 divided anticline running with even and unbroken crest 

 from one side of the township to the other. It is an arch 

 of the Medina sandstone from the top of which the softer 

 shales have been removed. It is rough, steep, and covered 

 with wood, and no road passes over it in this township. 



Bower mountain in the south, like the two already men- 

 tioned, is, in Madison township, an undivided anticline of 

 Medina sandstone. It rises gradually from the level of the 

 surrounding county with a high and even crest which con- 

 tinues until it passes into Jackson. A small farm exists 

 upon the very ridge. 



Blue mountain., in Madison township, consists of a mon- 

 oclinal nearly vertical range of Medina sandstone flanked 

 on the north by the iron sandstone. These include between 

 them the Clinton lower shale. It forms the line between 

 Perry and Cumberland counties. A road passes over it at 

 one place into Doubling hollow. 



Between the mountains lie the following parallel valleys : 



(1) Liberty valley between East Tuscarora and Coneco- 

 cheague ; — (2) A narrow red shale valley between Coneco- 

 cheague and the Oriskany ridge ; — (3) Centre valley, be- 

 tween the Oriskany ridge and Chestnut ridge ; — (4) A valley 

 between Chestnut ridge and Bower mountain ; — and (5) 

 Shaeffer valley, between Bower and Blue mountain. 



(1). Liberty valley is a continuation of what is called in 

 its eastern portion Raccoon valley and Buffalo valley. It 

 begins where the rising axis of Conecocheague forms a bar- 

 rier between it and the red shale valley to the south of it 

 and continues into Juniata county forming the third natural 

 road between the two counties, the other two being near 

 Liverpool and Millerstown. It is a good farming district 

 with warm fertile soil. 



(2). This valley which has, so far as I can learn, no de- 

 finite name, but might be called the Ickesburg valley, is 

 produced by the elevation of the Conecocheague axis and 

 widened by the two other short anticlines of which mention 



