278 F\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. 



Middle ridge and Limestone ridge form the northern and 

 southern boundaries respectively of the basin of the Little 

 Buffalo creek which falls into the Juniata at Newport, and 

 is there used to supply ice and mill power. The largest 

 stream in the township is the Buffalo, which occupies the 

 wider valley or basin between Middle ridge and Hominy 

 ridge in Tuscarora township. Its course is much more sin- 

 uous in consequence of the greater breadth and flatness of 

 its basin, and it enters the Juniata about two miles north 

 of Newport. 



In the northern part of the township the western bank of 

 the river is fenced by high cliffs close to the water, while 

 the bank on the other side is comparatively low. The re- 

 verse is the case just above Newport. The waters of Coca- 

 lamus, entering below Millerstown, may have aided in erod- 

 ing the land about its mouth, and those of the Great Buf- 

 falo may have done the same near Newport. Both streams 

 once flowed at a much higher level than they do at present. 



The Lower Helderberg group, No. VI. 



This is the lowest bed cropping out in Oliver township, 

 and forms only two narrow lines across its southern end. 

 Their structure will beat once understood by examining the 

 map and sections of the township given herewith. They 

 are two anticlinal ridges extending east from Centre town- 

 ship. The shales of the Onondaga group sink beneath the 

 surface near the line, and the limestone on the northern 

 side dips off their slope, rising again immediately and 

 emerging at the surface, when it forms a very narrow out- 

 crop before it again sinks under the Buffalo hills. 



The Oriskany sandstone (No. VII) outcrops cross the 

 southern part of the township. 



The Marcellus group, ( VIII.) 



This group is commercially the most important in Oliver 

 township because it contains the unusually rich deposit of 

 hematite which has been worked for many years to supply 

 the blast furnace at Newport. The structure of the rocks 



