11. OLIVER TOWNSHIP. F 2 . 281 



The Portage group, ( VIII.) 



There are two good exposures of the Cardiola shale of 

 this group in Oliver township on the two roads leading- 

 south from Newport. On the road to the Clouser Iron Ore 

 Works it may be found on the hill north of Mr. Ramer's 

 house where most of the characteristic species may be ob- 

 tained. Another outcrop, where only the Portage-Chemung 

 sandstone and the topmost beds of the Portage are ex- 

 posed, is on the upper road to Bailey sburg on the land of 

 Mr. Longacre. 



The Chemung rocks, ( VIII.) 



Two short outcrops of these rocks cross the township, one 

 in the north and another in the south. The former is 

 merely the margin of the line of outcrop that crosses Tus- 

 carora township and scarcely needs mention here. The 

 latter forms a very conspicuous object in the landscape. 

 Its eastern bluff overlooks Newport and forms a shelter 

 from west and northwest winds. It is a rough wooded ridge 

 washed on its southern face by the Little Buffalo which has 

 excavated a deep valley for itself in the soft material lying 

 between the Buffalo hills and Middle ridge. Once this ridge 

 was continuous with the hills on the eastern bank, but the 

 Juniata river has cut for itself a channel through the range. 

 It has been gradually working its way southeastward at 

 this point, and consequently the slope and flood-plain is on 

 the northwestern bank, while the southeastern consists of 

 hard rocks washed at their feet by the river, and from which 

 the water and the ice are yearly carrying away their tribute 

 towards the sea. 



Middle ridge above mentioned overlooking Newport con- 

 sists in part of the hard and sandy Upper Chemung beds. 

 These in the north of Perry county are sufficiently hard to 

 form rough and wooded hills only inferior to those made 

 by the Hamilton sandstone. I have consequently in some 

 places used the term ''Middle Ridge rocks" as a synonym 

 for the Ur>per Chemung. 



