15. SPRING TOWNSHIP. F\ 347 



previous course while the other diverges slightly to the 

 southward. The latter thrown up by the fault continues but 

 a short distance before it is cut off, the ridge terminating in 

 the middle of a field. In thus bringing up the Oriskany 

 to the surface, the dislocation has also thrown up the lime- 

 stone adjoining it, and the result is that limestone has been 

 quarried and burnt at one side of the field, while at the dis- 

 tance of aboiit 100 feet northward, or geologically speaking, 

 below it. the Marcellus black shale lies only two feet under 

 ground with no intervening ridge of sandstone. The Mar- 

 cellus is found in its proper place about 200 feet south of 

 the Oriskany. Following the line of fault a little further 

 to the east, we find the Lower Hamilton shales brought up 

 on the south side against the Marcellus on the north, and 

 yet further the former shales occupy both sides, being in 

 full thickness. As we approach the township line, which 

 lies on the water-shed parting the south fork of Montour 

 run from the tributaries of the Little Juniata, a high con- 

 necting ridge of Lower Hamilton shales rises on the south 

 side of the fault, exposing the Marcellus at its base, and the 

 north side is occupied by the Hamilton sandstone, through 

 which the fault here cuts very obliquely, causing a lateral 

 displacement of about a mile and forcing a passage through 

 the sandstone along which the road passes from the lower 

 to the upper shale without touching the sandstone. 



Beyond this the fault lies in Centre township, but to ren- 

 der the account complete, a few words will be added. The 

 fault passes along the strata as they rise to the Crawley an- 

 ticlinal, leaving the synclinal west end of Mahanoy sepa- 

 rated from the anticlinal east end of Crawley hill. The an- 

 ticline of the latter is so far eroded as to expose the Hamil- 

 ton lower shales for more than two miles from Little Ger- 

 many. These form a stretch of plowed and cultivated ground 

 on the top of the hill, abutting on the north against the 

 Genessee, or probably the Portage shales, and backed on 

 the south by the south fiank of Crawley hill. 



The Warm Springs. 

 On Sherman s creek in this township and on the land of 



